20 research outputs found
Istraživanje genotoksiÄnih uÄinaka irinotekana na ljudskim limfocitima periferne krvi primjenom razliÄitih biomarkera u uvjetima in vitro
In the present study a multi-biomarker approach was used to evaluate genotoxic effects of irinotecan administered in vitro in its therapeutic dose (350 mg/m2) on non-target cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes. The levels of primary DNA damage in lymphocyte genome and the dynamics of its removal were assessed using the alkaline and neutral comet assay. Lymphocyte viability and the induction of apoptosis following exposure to irinotecan were studied by simultaneous use of a fluorescent assay with ethidium bromide and acridine orange. The levels of residual DNA damage were assessed by SCE assay, while the possible influences of treatment on the progression through the mitotic cycles were studied by analyzing lymphocyte proliferative kinetics. We observed that the percentage of apoptotic cells was higher as compared to necrotic ones in all time-points when irinotecan-treated samples were analyzed. Positive results obtained using both modifications of the comet assay indicate that in lymphocyte DNA following treatment with irinotecan a lot of single and double strand breaks are induced. Dynamics of damage infliction as observed both in alkaline and neutral modification of the comet assay clearly reflects the āpoisoningā of the topoisomerase I, reported as the main mechanism of the irinotecan cytotoxicity. After treatment with irinotecan we observed an almost 7-fold increase of SCE frequency in exposed as compared to untreated lymphocytes that was obviously caused by topoisomerase poisoning in S-phase. Considering the results obtained we can conclude that irinotecan caused a delay of in vitro cell proliferation in first mitotic cycle. Despite their limitations, the results of our study indicate that irinotecan in its therapeutic concentrations is able to cause significant amount of primary and residual DNA damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. We could assume that the actual levels of DNA damage produced in actively divided cells of patients treated with irinotecan are much higher as compared to those estimated in vitro, since DNA damaging potential of irinotecan in vivo is up to one thousand times higher due to effectively conversion to its more potent metabolite SN-38. Our results point to the significance of biomarker studies in non-target cells of cancer patients after successful chemotherapy since they could be a good predictive factor to detect sensitive subpopulations of patients with genome instability that have an increased risk for developing of secondary malignancies.Primjenom razliÄitih biomarkera u uvjetima in vitro istraženi su genotoksiÄni uÄinci terapijske koncentracije irinotekana (350 mg/m2) na limfocite periferne krvi. Razine primarnih oÅ”teÄenja DNA u limfocitnoj DNA i dinamika njihovog popravka istraženi su primjenom komet testa u alkalnim i neutralnim uvjetima. Preživljenje limfocita i indukcija apoptoze nakon izlaganja stanica irinotekanu istraženi su istodobnom primjenom fluorescencijskog bojenja etidij-bromidom i akridin oranžom. Razine oÅ”teÄenja DNA procijenjene su i s pomoÄu testa izmjena sestrinskih kromatida, a moguÄi uÄinci tretmana na progresiju mitotiÄkog ciklusa istraženi su analizom proliferacijske kinetike limfocita. Utvr|eno je da je postotak apoptoza u svim vremenima uzorkovanja i analize bio veÄi od postotka nekroza. Pozitivni rezultati dobiveni s obje modifikacije komet testa pokazuju da se u limfocitnoj DNA nakon tretmana irinotekanom inducira mnoÅ”tvo jednolanÄanih i dvolanÄanih lomova. Dinamika nastanka oÅ”teÄenja uoÄena primjenom obje modifikacije komet testa, jasno upuÄuje na disfunkciju enzima topoizomeraze I, koje se navodi kao glavni mehanizam citotoksiÄnosti irinotekana. Nakon tretmana irinotekanom uoÄili smo gotovo sedmerostruki porast uÄestalosti SCE u izloženim limfocitima u odnosu na kontrolu, Å”to upozorava na poremeÄenu funkciju topoizomeraze u S-fazi. Na osnovi rezultata zakljuÄujemo da irinotekan uzrokuje zastoj proliferacije stanica u prvom mitotskom ciklusu in vitro. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da terapijske koncentracije irinotekana uzrokuju znaÄajan porast oÅ”teÄenja DNA i kromosoma u ljudskim limfocitima periferne krvi. BuduÄi da su uÄinci irinotekana u uvjetima in vivo znatno pojaÄani metaboliÄkom pretvorbom u aktivni metabolit SN-38, možemo pretpostaviti da su razine oÅ”teÄenja DNA u aktivno dijeleÄim stanicama u pacijenata lijeÄenih primjenom irinotekana znaÄajno viÅ”e nego one utvr|ene u uvjetima in vitro. Rezultati upuÄuju i na važnost istraživanja biomarkera u ne-tumorskim stanicama pacijenata koji su lijeÄeni primjenom kemoterapije jer takvi biomarkeri mogu biti dobri pretkazatelji u otkrivanju osjetljivih populacija pacijenata s nestabilnim genomom u kojih je prisutan veÄi rizik za razvoj sekundarnih karcinoma
Istraživanje genotoksiÄnih uÄinaka irinotekana na ljudskim limfocitima periferne krvi primjenom razliÄitih biomarkera u uvjetima in vitro
In the present study a multi-biomarker approach was used to evaluate genotoxic effects of irinotecan administered in vitro in its therapeutic dose (350 mg/m2) on non-target cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes. The levels of primary DNA damage in lymphocyte genome and the dynamics of its removal were assessed using the alkaline and neutral comet assay. Lymphocyte viability and the induction of apoptosis following exposure to irinotecan were studied by simultaneous use of a fluorescent assay with ethidium bromide and acridine orange. The levels of residual DNA damage were assessed by SCE assay, while the possible influences of treatment on the progression through the mitotic cycles were studied by analyzing lymphocyte proliferative kinetics. We observed that the percentage of apoptotic cells was higher as compared to necrotic ones in all time-points when irinotecan-treated samples were analyzed. Positive results obtained using both modifications of the comet assay indicate that in lymphocyte DNA following treatment with irinotecan a lot of single and double strand breaks are induced. Dynamics of damage infliction as observed both in alkaline and neutral modification of the comet assay clearly reflects the āpoisoningā of the topoisomerase I, reported as the main mechanism of the irinotecan cytotoxicity. After treatment with irinotecan we observed an almost 7-fold increase of SCE frequency in exposed as compared to untreated lymphocytes that was obviously caused by topoisomerase poisoning in S-phase. Considering the results obtained we can conclude that irinotecan caused a delay of in vitro cell proliferation in first mitotic cycle. Despite their limitations, the results of our study indicate that irinotecan in its therapeutic concentrations is able to cause significant amount of primary and residual DNA damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. We could assume that the actual levels of DNA damage produced in actively divided cells of patients treated with irinotecan are much higher as compared to those estimated in vitro, since DNA damaging potential of irinotecan in vivo is up to one thousand times higher due to effectively conversion to its more potent metabolite SN-38. Our results point to the significance of biomarker studies in non-target cells of cancer patients after successful chemotherapy since they could be a good predictive factor to detect sensitive subpopulations of patients with genome instability that have an increased risk for developing of secondary malignancies.Primjenom razliÄitih biomarkera u uvjetima in vitro istraženi su genotoksiÄni uÄinci terapijske koncentracije irinotekana (350 mg/m2) na limfocite periferne krvi. Razine primarnih oÅ”teÄenja DNA u limfocitnoj DNA i dinamika njihovog popravka istraženi su primjenom komet testa u alkalnim i neutralnim uvjetima. Preživljenje limfocita i indukcija apoptoze nakon izlaganja stanica irinotekanu istraženi su istodobnom primjenom fluorescencijskog bojenja etidij-bromidom i akridin oranžom. Razine oÅ”teÄenja DNA procijenjene su i s pomoÄu testa izmjena sestrinskih kromatida, a moguÄi uÄinci tretmana na progresiju mitotiÄkog ciklusa istraženi su analizom proliferacijske kinetike limfocita. Utvr|eno je da je postotak apoptoza u svim vremenima uzorkovanja i analize bio veÄi od postotka nekroza. Pozitivni rezultati dobiveni s obje modifikacije komet testa pokazuju da se u limfocitnoj DNA nakon tretmana irinotekanom inducira mnoÅ”tvo jednolanÄanih i dvolanÄanih lomova. Dinamika nastanka oÅ”teÄenja uoÄena primjenom obje modifikacije komet testa, jasno upuÄuje na disfunkciju enzima topoizomeraze I, koje se navodi kao glavni mehanizam citotoksiÄnosti irinotekana. Nakon tretmana irinotekanom uoÄili smo gotovo sedmerostruki porast uÄestalosti SCE u izloženim limfocitima u odnosu na kontrolu, Å”to upozorava na poremeÄenu funkciju topoizomeraze u S-fazi. Na osnovi rezultata zakljuÄujemo da irinotekan uzrokuje zastoj proliferacije stanica u prvom mitotskom ciklusu in vitro. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da terapijske koncentracije irinotekana uzrokuju znaÄajan porast oÅ”teÄenja DNA i kromosoma u ljudskim limfocitima periferne krvi. BuduÄi da su uÄinci irinotekana u uvjetima in vivo znatno pojaÄani metaboliÄkom pretvorbom u aktivni metabolit SN-38, možemo pretpostaviti da su razine oÅ”teÄenja DNA u aktivno dijeleÄim stanicama u pacijenata lijeÄenih primjenom irinotekana znaÄajno viÅ”e nego one utvr|ene u uvjetima in vitro. Rezultati upuÄuju i na važnost istraživanja biomarkera u ne-tumorskim stanicama pacijenata koji su lijeÄeni primjenom kemoterapije jer takvi biomarkeri mogu biti dobri pretkazatelji u otkrivanju osjetljivih populacija pacijenata s nestabilnim genomom u kojih je prisutan veÄi rizik za razvoj sekundarnih karcinoma
Sustavna terapija raka jajnika ā mehanizam djelovanja antineoplastiÄnh lijekova
Ovarian cancer treatment consists of surgical options and systemic antineoplastic therapy. Systemic medicamentous therapy, involves a choice of classic chemotherapy and targeted biological treatment. Cytotoxic drugs act nonspecifi cally on tumor cells, damaging also certain proportion of healthy cells in human body. Such drugs act on the basis of impact on the life cycle of cells. Some work throughout the whole cell cycle, phase nonspecifi cally, while others work somewhat more specifi cally for certain phase of cell cycle. Among cell cycle nonspecifi c antineoplastic drugs, a platinum compounds, cisplatin
and carboplatin play the main role. A cell cycle phase specifi c activity is seen in a few groups of antineoplastic drugs, among which a signifi cant role in the therapy of ovarian cancer is played by taxanes paclitaxel and docetaxel, camptothecin analogue topotecan, podophyllotoxin etoposide, pyrimidine antagonist gemcitabine and anthracycline doxorubicin. In the treatment of ovarian cancer a signifi cant place is also held by two biological medicines, the so-called āon targeted drugsā,
VEGF inhibitor bevacizumab and PARP inhibitor olaparib.U terapiji raka jajnika koriste se metode operativnog lijeÄenja i sustavna antineoplastiÄna terapija. Sustavna, medikamentozna terapija, podrazumijeva izbor klasiÄnih kemoterapeutika, kao i ciljanu, bioloÅ”ku terapiju. CitotoksiÄni lijekovi djeluju nespecifi Äno na same tumorske stanice, oÅ”teÄujuÄi tako i odreÄenu proporciju zdravih stanica u organizmu. Takvi lijekovi djeluju na temelju utjecaja na životni ciklus stanice. Neki djeluju kroz cijeli staniÄni ciklus, nespecifi Äno za fazu, dok
odreÄeni broj tih lijekova djeluje usko specifi Äno za pojedinu fazu staniÄnog ciklusa. Od citotoksiÄnih lijekova nespecifiÄnog djelovanja za fazu staniÄnog ciklusa u terapiji karcinoma jajnika temeljno mjesto zauzimaju spojevi platine, cisplatina i karboplatina. SpecifiÄno djelovanje za pojedinu fazu staniÄnog ciklusa ima nekoliko skupina citotoksiÄnih lijekova, od kojih su najistaknutiji predstavnici u terapiji raka jajnika taksani paklitaksel i docetaksel, kamptotekinski analog topotekan, podofilotoksin etopozid, pirimidinski antagonist gemcitabin te antraciklin doksorubicin. U lijeÄenju raka jajnika znaÄajno mjesto
zauzimaju i dva bioloŔka lijeka, tz v. ciljani lijekovi, VEGF inhibitor bevacizumab i PARP inhibitor olaparib
Sustavno antineoplastiÄno lijeÄenje raka dojke
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Early breast cancer is potentially curable disease. Systemic adjuvant therapy is created to treat micrometastatic disease or destroy breast cancer cells that have spread from the breast and regional lymph nodes, but have not yet formed visible distant metastases. Systemic adjuvant therapy is based on chemotherapy
with or without targeted therapy, and endocrine therapy, sometimes in combination with adjuvant irradiation, usually is conducted after surgery. The aim of adjuvant therapy is to decrease recurrence rate and extension of overall survivalRak dojke najÄeÅ”Äa je zloÄudna bolest u žena, potencijalno izljeÄiva u ranom stadiju. Sustavno adjuvantno lijeÄenje osmiÅ”ljeno je za uniÅ”tenje moguÄih mikrometastaza proÅ”irenih iz dojke i/ili iz regionalnih limfnih Ävorova, koje joÅ” nisu stvorile vidljive udaljene metastaze. Temelji se na kemoterapiji sa ili bez ciljane bioloÅ”ke terapije, na endokrinoj terapiji,
ponekad u kombinaciji sa zraÄenjem, obiÄno nakon kirurÅ”kog zahvata. Cilj je smanjiti stopu povratka bolesti i produžiti život bolesnika
Sustavno antineoplastiÄno lijeÄenje metastatskog raka dojke
Systemic therapy of metastatic breast cancer is not curative and its goal is life prolongation and improvement of quality of life. Treatment of metastatic breast cancer usually involvesendocrine therapy and/or chemotherapy with or without targeted therapy. The use of the minimally toxic endocrine therapies is preff ered to the use of cytotoxic therapy whenever reasonable.Sustavno lijeÄenje metastatskog raka dojke nije kurativno veÄ se provodi u svrhu produženja života i poboljÅ”anja kvalitete života. Sustavno lijeÄenje se sastoji od endokrine terapije i/ili kemoterapije uz ili bez primjene ciljane bioloÅ”ke terapije. U lijeÄenju metastatskog raka dojke preferirani oblici lijeÄenja su oni najmanje toksiÄni te se endokrina terapija primjenjuje
kad god je to moguÄe
Medicinska konoplja u onkologiji
Although today among oncology patients use of various preparations of complementary and alternative medicine is more and more frequent, there is unequivocal scientifi c base for their use. Among the often used preparations, especially in the treatment of cancer pain, is cannabis and its derivatives. Cannabinoids act on the endogenous cannabinoid system, with widespread receptors in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Although the pharmacology of the cannabinoids is still largely unknown, numerous of their eff ects were investigated. In oncology, studies have been conducted on the effect
of cannabinoids on nausea and vomiting during the oncological treatment, the cancer pain and neuropathy, on appetite and weight loss, and the impact on mood, depression and anxiety. It is also observed that some of the cannabinoids have antitumor, but also protumorous activity. There have been many diff erent side eff ects of cannabinoids detected, and in a smaller percentage also the development of addiction. Best known preparations nowadays are dronabinol, nabilon and nabiximol. At the moment, the evidence lack strenght, and large randomized clinical trials are required, which would confi rm predominatly positive results of the research.Iako je danas meÄu onkoloÅ”kim bolesnicima sve uÄestalija uporaba razliÄitih pripravaka komplementarne i alternativne medicine, za njihovu uporabu nema nedvojbene znanstvene potvrde. MeÄu ÄeÅ”Äe primjenjivanim pripravcima, osobito u lijeÄenju karcinomske boli, je i kanabis i njegovi derivati. Kanabinoidi djeluju u organizmu preko endokanabinoidnog sustava, s rasprostranjenim receptorima u srediÅ”njem živÄanom sustavu i perifernim tkivima. Iako je farmakologija kanabinoida joÅ” uvijek uglavnom nepoznata, do sada su istraživani njihovi brojni uÄinci. U onkologiji su provedena istraživanja utjecaja na muÄninu i povraÄanje prilikom onkoloÅ”kog lijeÄenja, na karcinomsku bol te neuropatiju, na apetit i gubitak tjelesne mase te utjecaj na raspoloženje, depresiju i tjeskobu. TakoÄer je opažen antitumorski, ali i protumorski uÄinak nekih kanabinoida. Zabilježeni su brojni razliÄiti neželjeni uÄinci kanabinoida, a u manjem postotku i razvoj ovisnosti. Najpoznatiji pripravci danas jesu dronabinol, nabilon i nabiksimol. Sveukupno, za sada nisu osigurani dovoljno snažni i nedvojbeni dokazi i potrebne su velike randomizirane kliniÄke studije, koje bi potvrdile do sada opažene pozitivne rezultate istraživanja
Taksani u lijeÄenju ranog raka dojke
Taxanes are irreplaceble drugs in treatment of many solid malignancies. In breast cancer they represent the backbone of adjuvant therapy and are important option in treatment of advanced and metastatic disease. Since their discovery in 1960ās they went through a long journey of clinical development and positioning in clinical practise of treatment of early breast cancer. Taxanes belong to the fourth group of cytotoxic drugs, which act as mytotic inhibitors, causing the death of the cell in metaphase. Clinical trials conducted in patients with breast cancer evaluated different combinations of other chemotherapeutics
with taxanes, different modes of administration, effectiveness of different chemotherapy regimens including taxanes in different subtypes and stages of the disease and effectiveness of individual taxanes in comparison with one another. Based on the results of those trials, today the relevant global oncology associations reccomend the use of taxanes in treatment of early breast cancer, pointing out their significant benefit in total reduction of breast cancer mortality and risk of disease reccurence by 20-30% comparing to anthracycline only protocols. The purpose of this literature review was to provide comprehensive information about development of taxanes and their position in routine everyday clinical practise.Taksani su nezamjenjivi lijekovi u lijeÄenju mnogih solidnih tumora. U karcinomu dojke predstavljaju okosnicu adjuvantne terapije i važna su opcija u lijeÄenju uznapredovale i metastatske bolesti. Od njihovog otkriÄa 1960-ih proÅ”li su dugi put kliniÄkog razvoja i pozicioniranja u kliniÄkoj praksi lijeÄenja ranog raka dojke. Taksani pripadaju Äetvrtoj skupini citotoksiÄnih lijekova koji djeluju kao inhibitori mitoze, koji uzrokuju smrt stanice u metafazi. KliniÄka istraživanja provedena
na bolesnicama s karcinomom dojke procjenjivala su razliÄite kombinacije drugih kemoterapeutika s taksanima, razliÄite naÄine primjene, djelotvornost razliÄitih kemoterapijskih protokola koji ukljuÄuju taksane u razliÄitim podtipovima i stadijima bolesti te uÄinkovitosti pojedinih taksana u usporedbi s drugim. Na temelju rezultata tih pokusa, danas relevantne globalne onkoloÅ”ke udruge preporuÄuju uporabu taksana u lijeÄenju ranog raka dojke, pokazujuÄi njihovu znaÄajnu korist u ukupnom smanjenju rizika od smrti i povrata bolesti za 20-30% u odnosu na protokole bazirane samo na antraciklinu. Svrha ovog pregleda literature je pružanje sveobuhvatne informacije o razvoju taksana i njihove pozicije u rutinskoj svakodnevnoj kliniÄkoj praksi
Sistemsko lijeÄenje raka debelog crijeva
Colorectal cancer is the most common type of gastrointestinal cancer. In this article treatment protocols for colon cancer are disscussed, including adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy for resectable disease and chemotherapy for advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer. Surgery is the only curative modality for localized colorectal cancer (stage I-III). Adjuvant chemotherapy is standard for patients with stage III disease. Itās use in stage II disease is controversial, with ongoing studies
seeking to confirm which markers might identify patients who would benefit. Surgical resection potentially provides the only curative option for patients with limited metastatic disease in liver and/or lung (stage IV disease). Chemotherapy rather than surgery is the standard management for metastatic disease. Biologic agents have a role in the treatment of metastatic disease, with selection increasingly guided by genetic analysis of the tumor.Rak debelog crijeva najÄeÅ”Äi je zloÄudni tumor probavnog sustava. U ovom se radu raspravlja o protokolima koji se primjenjuju u lijeÄenju raka debelog crijeva, ukljuÄujuÄi adjuvantnu i neoadjuvantnu terapiju resektabilne bolesti te kemoterapiju uznapredovalog i metastatskog raka debelog crijeva. Kirurgija je jedini kurativni modalitet lijeÄenja lokaliziranog raka debelog crijeva (stadij bolesti I-III). Adjuvantna kemoterapija predstavlja standard u lijeÄenju bolesnika sa stadij bolesti III . MeÄutim, njezina uloga kod stadija bolesti II je kontroverzna te se trenutno provode studije koje traže biljege pomoÄu kojih bi se mogli prepoznati bolesnici koji bi mogli imati koristi od primjene adjuvantne kemoterapije. KirurÅ”ka resekcija potencijalno predstavlja jedinu kurativnu moguÄnost za bolesnike s boleÅ”Äu ograniÄenom na jetru i/ili pluÄa (stadij IV). U lijeÄenju metastatske bolesti standard predstavlja kemoterapija, prije nego kirurgija. BioloÅ”ki lijekovi imaju ulogu u lijeÄenju metastatske bolesti, s tim da se njihov izbor sve viÅ”e temelji na genetskoj analizi tumora
Sustavna terapija raka jajnika ā mehanizam djelovanja antineoplastiÄnh lijekova
Ovarian cancer treatment consists of surgical options and systemic antineoplastic therapy. Systemic medicamentous therapy, involves a choice of classic chemotherapy and targeted biological treatment. Cytotoxic drugs act nonspecifi cally on tumor cells, damaging also certain proportion of healthy cells in human body. Such drugs act on the basis of impact on the life cycle of cells. Some work throughout the whole cell cycle, phase nonspecifi cally, while others work somewhat more specifi cally for certain phase of cell cycle. Among cell cycle nonspecifi c antineoplastic drugs, a platinum compounds, cisplatin
and carboplatin play the main role. A cell cycle phase specifi c activity is seen in a few groups of antineoplastic drugs, among which a signifi cant role in the therapy of ovarian cancer is played by taxanes paclitaxel and docetaxel, camptothecin analogue topotecan, podophyllotoxin etoposide, pyrimidine antagonist gemcitabine and anthracycline doxorubicin. In the treatment of ovarian cancer a signifi cant place is also held by two biological medicines, the so-called āon targeted drugsā,
VEGF inhibitor bevacizumab and PARP inhibitor olaparib.U terapiji raka jajnika koriste se metode operativnog lijeÄenja i sustavna antineoplastiÄna terapija. Sustavna, medikamentozna terapija, podrazumijeva izbor klasiÄnih kemoterapeutika, kao i ciljanu, bioloÅ”ku terapiju. CitotoksiÄni lijekovi djeluju nespecifi Äno na same tumorske stanice, oÅ”teÄujuÄi tako i odreÄenu proporciju zdravih stanica u organizmu. Takvi lijekovi djeluju na temelju utjecaja na životni ciklus stanice. Neki djeluju kroz cijeli staniÄni ciklus, nespecifi Äno za fazu, dok
odreÄeni broj tih lijekova djeluje usko specifi Äno za pojedinu fazu staniÄnog ciklusa. Od citotoksiÄnih lijekova nespecifiÄnog djelovanja za fazu staniÄnog ciklusa u terapiji karcinoma jajnika temeljno mjesto zauzimaju spojevi platine, cisplatina i karboplatina. SpecifiÄno djelovanje za pojedinu fazu staniÄnog ciklusa ima nekoliko skupina citotoksiÄnih lijekova, od kojih su najistaknutiji predstavnici u terapiji raka jajnika taksani paklitaksel i docetaksel, kamptotekinski analog topotekan, podofilotoksin etopozid, pirimidinski antagonist gemcitabin te antraciklin doksorubicin. U lijeÄenju raka jajnika znaÄajno mjesto
zauzimaju i dva bioloŔka lijeka, tz v. ciljani lijekovi, VEGF inhibitor bevacizumab i PARP inhibitor olaparib