Uticaj vodnog režima černozema i đubrenja na prinos kukuruza u uslovima direktne setve

The results obtained in the ten-year trial (2000-2009) carried out under agro-ecological conditions of Zemun Polje are presented in this study. The objective was to determine effects of soil water regime (A) and the fertilizer rates (B) on the yield of maize directly sown in chernozem. The trial was set up according to the block design under conditions of rain fed and irrigation with the three NPK levels: B1 - Ø; B2 - 150 kg nitrogen ha-1, 105 kg phosphorus ha-1 and 75 kg potassium ha-1; B3 - 300 kg nitrogen ha-1, 210 kg phosphorus ha-1 and 150 kg potassium ha-1. Maize was sown with the John Deere–7200 MaxEmerge 2 planter. Results were processed by the factorial analysis of variance and the LSD test, while the dependence of the yield on the water regime was established by the regression analysis. Obtained results showed that the formation of yield had been significantly affected by the water regime and fertilizing. The average yield amounted to 7.25 t ha-1 and 9.31 t ha-1 under rain fed and irrigation conditions, respectively. The following yields were obtained on the average over fertilizing variants: B1- 6.46 t ha-1, B2- 8.74 t ha-1 and B3- 9.64 t ha-1. The yield of 7.74 t ha-1 can be expected in the variant B1, if 450 mm of water enters the soil surface during the growing season. With 20 mm more water the yields expected in variants B2 and B3 could be 10.60 t ha-1 and 11.70 t ha-1, respectively.U radu su prikazani rezultati desetogodišnjeg ogleda (2000-2009) izvedenog u agroekološkim uslovima Zemun Polja. Cilj je bio da se utvrdi uticaj vodnog režima zemljišta (A) i nivoa đubrenja (B) na prinos kukuruza, koji je sejan na černozemu direktno u strnište. Ogled je bio postavljen po metodi blok sistema, u prirodnom i irigacionom vodnom režimu, u varijantama primene sledećih količina NPK hraniva: B1- Ø kg ha-1; B2 - 150 kg N ha-1, 105 kg P ha-1 i 75 kg K ha-1; B3- 300 kg N ha-1, 210 kg P ha-1 i 150 kg K ha-1. Setva hibrida kukuruza ZP 704 je obavljana sejalicom John Deer– 7200 MaxEmerge 2. Rezultati prinosa su obrađeni analizom varijanse i LSD testom, a regresionom analizom utvrđena je zavisnost prinosa i količine vode. Rezultati pokazuju da su vodni režim zemljišta i đubrenje veoma značajno uticali na formiranje prinosa kukuruza. U prirodnom vodnom režimu ostvaren je prosečan prinos 7,25 t ha-1, a u irigacionom 9,31 t ha-1. U proseku, po varijantama đubrenja dobijene su sledeće vrednosti: B1- 6,46 t ha-1, B2- 8,74 t ha-1, B3-9,64 t ha-1. U varijanti B1 može se očekivati maksimalani prinos 7,74 t ha-1, ako tokom vegetacionog perioda na površinu zemljišta dospe 450 mm vode. Sa 20 mm više vode u varijantama B2 i B3 mogu se očekivati prinosi 10,60 t ha-1 i 11,70 t ha-1

Influence of intercropping and bio-fertilizer on the level of antioxidants in soybean and common millet grains

While climate change severely affects food production and its security, each practice which boost yield and quality of crops in an eco-friendly way is required. Soybean (S) and common millet (M) present valuable crops regarding nutritive quality of grains, and their intercropping (IC) can be used to enhance performance of both crops in a sustainable way. Field experiment was performed during 2018 and 2020, as completely randomized block design. Three combinations of intercrops: S-M, SS-MM and SS-MMMM, as well as sole crops were included in trial. Additionally, the influence of bio-fertilizer Coveron (containing Glomus sp., Trichoderma atroviride and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria) was also investigated. The quality of grains was determined by measuring the level of three important antioxidants: yellow pigment - YP, total phenolic compounds - TPC and phytic phosphorus - PPhy. In terms of soybean, IC was insignificant for variability in concentration of antioxidants, while in millet grains, concentrations of Pphy, TPC and YP were significantly affected by IC. Pphy and TPC levels were mainly increased by IC, but not YP level. The only combination that influenced simultaneous increase of all three parameters was SS-MM combination. Consequently, this planting pattern is suggested as an effective for increasing antioxidants level in millet grain. On the other side, BF significantly affected only Pphy in soybean, increasing its concentration, which proved positive effect of BF on enhanced phosphorus availability and accumulation in grain. These findings indicate the importance of planting pattern in managing nutritive quality of grains, emphasizing 1:1 ratio set as alternating strips in soybean-common millet intercropping

The evaluation of the influence of biological treatments of maize seeds on the morphological characteristics of seedlings and seed germination

Све већи проблем у семенској и комерцијалној производњи кукуруза представња недостатак воде у сетви. У систему гајења усева без наводњавања сушни период проузрокује велике штете смањењем броја биљака по хектару, што директно утиче на висину приноса. У овим истраживањима метаболички процеси клијања и ницања стимулисани су хидропрајмингом семена. Постављен је двофакторијални оглед, са четири линије кукуруза Л-1, Л-2, Л-3, Л-4 и четири третмана хидропрајминга. Третмани укључују различиту дужину времена потапања семена у води, 8 (Х1) и 16 (Х2) сати, као и различиту температуру воде, 25°C (Т1) и 30°C(Т2). Након хидропрајминга, семе је сушено ваздушно сувим третманом на 35°C 24 сата. Клијавост, дужина стабаоцета, дужина коренка, маса стабаоцета и маса коренка одређени су након седам дана наклијавања семена у клијалишту стандардном методом. Семе коришћено у огледима било је различиток квалитета. Клијавост се кретала од 69-92%, дужина корена од 89-129 cm, дужина клијанца од 70-84 cm, маса клијанца од 0,5-08 g и маса корена од 0,47-0,67 g. Применом сва четири третмана хидропрајминга имало је позитиван ефекат на дужину стабаоцета, дужину коренка и њихову масу. Третман Т1 утицао је на масу коренка, а Т2 на дужину коренка. Применом третмана Т2, у комбинацији са два временска третмана (Х1, Х2) дужина коренка била је значајно дужа у односу на контролу. Најдужи коренак, 137 mm одређен је код Л2 у комбинацији третмана Т2Х1. Најдуже стабаоце клијанца било је 98,11 mm применом Т1Х2. Такође третмани су деловали и на повећање масе стабаоцета, највећу масу стабаоцета 0,93 g имала је комбинација Л3Т1Х2. Побољшање морфолошких особина садница, применом биолошког третмана, помаже семену да буде отпорније на тешке временске прилике.A growing problem in seed and commercial maize production is the lack of water at sowing. In the cropping system without irrigation, drought causes great damage by reducing the number of plants per hectare, which directly affects yield. In these studies, the metabolic processes of germination and emergence were stimulated by hydropriming the seeds. A two-factor experiment was set up with four maize lines L-1, L-2, L-3, L-4 and four hydropriming treatments. The treatments included different times of seed immersion in water, 8 (H1) and 16 (H2) hours, and different water temperatures, 25°C (Т1) и 30°C(Т2). (T2). After hydropriming, seeds were air-dried at 35°C for 24 hours. Germination, stem length, root length, stem weight, and root weight were determined after seven days of seed germination in the germination chamber using the standard method. The seeds used for the experiments were of different quality. Germination ranged from 69-92%, root length ranged from 89-129 cm, seedling length ranged from 70-84 cm; stem weight ranged from 0.5-08 g, and root weight ranged from 0.47-0.67. The application of all four hydropriming treatments had a positive effect on stem length, root length, and root weight. Treatment T1 had an effect on root weight and T2 on root length. When treatment T2 was applied in combination with two time treatments (H1, H2), root length was significantly greater compared to the control. The longest root, 137 mm, was obtained at L2 in the combination of treatment T2H1. The longest stem of the seedling was 98.11 mm in treatment T1H2. The treatments also affected the increase in stem weight, with the highest stem weight of 0.93 g obtained in the combination L3T1H2. Improving the morphological characteristics of seedlings through biological treatment helps to make the seed more resistant to harsh weather conditions

Conjunctive effect of environment and genotype in maize seed production.

Significant sources of normal plant development are the amount of available water, light, temperature and nutrients. This study aimed to examine to what extent the relationship between plant genetic structure and environmental conditions affects habitus and plant yield. In the two-year research, 2019 (Y1), and 2020 (Y2), with three maize lines (L1, L2, L3) produced at the Maize Research Institute, experiments were performed to assess the impact of genotype and environmental conditions on plant height to tassel (PHT), plant height to ear (PHE), ear weight (EW), cob weight (CW) and grain yield (GY). Seeds of different sizes were used in three sowings: large (S1), small (S2), and undivided (S3). The results of the PHE trial in the first year indicated a dominant genotype effect. L1 for all three sowings by seed size had the lowest cob position, S3G1 (69 cm), while L3 had the highest, (86.72 cm) for S3G1. In the second year of the study, environmental conditions and seed size significantly affected (p≤0.05) the PHE, as well as the PHT. The significance of the year effect was not confirmed by the weight of the cob. The highest yield was achieved for L1Y1S1 at 9.01 t ha-1 and the lowest for L1Y2S3 at 2.18 t ha-1. Significant mutual effects of factors on the variability of traits are Y × L, Y × S, and Y × L × S. Differences in environmental conditions significantly affect the variability of maize corn seed properties. These effects can be reduced by proper genotype selection and the sowing of uniform size seeds

Application of lavender and mint essential oils for improvement of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed properties

Essential oils (EOs) are widely studied in agriculture. The study's objective was to examine the impact of EOs on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed dormancy. The four different varieties of alfalfa were used for the experiment (Zaječarka-83, Banatska-VS, K-28, Novosadska H-11). Two essential oils, lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) were applied at four concentrations:1%, 0.5%, 0.2%, and 0.02%, along with water as a control. Germination, dormant seeds and dead seeds were evaluated in a laboratory setting according to ISTA rules. The type of EOs had no discernible influence on germinated seeds, dormancy, and dead seeds. Both EOs in concentrations of 1% and 0.5% inhibited seed germination. The maximum germination of 91.66% was achieved with the Novosadska H-11 variety using lavender oil at a concentration of 0.02%, with reduced dormancy. Varieties Zaječarka-83 and Banatska-VS had the highest level of dead and dormant seeds when lavender and peppermint EOs were applied at a concentration of 0.2%. This study showed that both EOs at a concentration of 0.02% had a stimulatory effect on seed germination, simultaneously reducing seed dormancy, emphasizing their potential use for seed quality improvement in organic farmingOdrživ sistem uključuje korišćenje prirodnih resursa za zaštitu bilja, suzbijanje bolesti, štetočina i korova bez upotrebe sintetičkih hemikalija. Etarska ulja (EO) su dobro poznati metaboliti koji imaju potencijalnu primenu u poljoprivredi. Cilj studije je bio da se utvrdi značaj delovanja Eunamirovanje (dormantnost) semenalucerke (Medicago sativa L.).Za ogled je korišćen semenski material četiri sorte lucerke (Zaječarka-83, Banatska-VS, K-28, Novosadska H-11). Dva EO, lavande (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) i pitome nane (Mentha piperita L.) primenjena su na semenu lucerke u četiri koncentracije: 1%, 0,5%, 0,2% i 0,02%, zajedno sa vodom kaokontrolom. Ulja pitome nane i lavande korišćena u eksperimentu su komercijalna ulja. Klijavost, dormantnost i mrtvo seme su procenjeni u laboratorijskim uslovima prema ISTA pravilima, u petrijevim posudama na filter papiru. Klijanje je testiran ou komori za klijanje. Rezultati su pokazali da vrsta EO nije imala značajan uticaj na klijanje semena, mirovanje i mrtvo seme. Koncentracija ulja je bila najznačajniji faktor koji je uticao na fiziološke karakteristike. Oba ulja u koncentracijama od 1% i 0,5% su inhibirala klijanje. Maksimalna klijavost od 91,66% je postignuta kod sorte Novosadska H-11 uz korišćenje ulja lavande u koncentraciji 0,02%, dok se mirovanje smanjilo. Sorte Zaječarka-83 i Banatska-VS su imali najviši nivo mrtvog i dormantnog semena, kada su tretirane uljem lavande i pitome nane u koncentraciji od 0,2%. Ova studija je pokazala da su oba EO u koncentraciji od 0,02% imala stimulativni efekat na klijavost semena, i istovremeno smanjila mirovanje semena, naglašavajući njihovu potencijalnu primenu za poboljšanje kvaliteta semena u organskoj poljoprivred

Yield components of biomass and grain of soybean in response to the use of biofertilizer

In recent years, biofertilizers have received more attention as eco-friendly and sustainable agricultural practice to boost crop production. This research included application of bio-fertilizer Coveron, containing mycorrhizal fungi, Trichoderma atroviride and rhizosphere bacteria, on the yield components of biomass (in reproductive growth stage) and grain (in full maturity stage) of soybean (var. Selena). The field experiment was set up in the Maize Research Institute „Zemun Polje“, during 2020. Treatments included application of biofertilizer Coveron prior to sowing, and control (without Coveron). Harvesting for biomass yield - BY, as well as morphological traits (plant height - PH, weight of underground plant - WP, number of nodes per plant - NN, number of pods per plant - NP) were measured in R4 growth stage. At full maturity, grain yield and its components were recorded, including: PH, WP, NN, NP again, as well as grain yield - GY, number of seeds per plant - NS, seed weight per plant - SW, and 1000-seed weight - TSW. Results showed that biofertilizer significantly influenced biomass yield (31.36 t ha-1 and 26.22 t ha-1, with and without Coveron, respectively), while results for GY were opposite (higher grain yield was obtained in no-treated soybean, but without statistically significant difference at p=0.05). In regard to other examined parameters for biomass, biofertilizer positively affected all of them, increasing PH, WP, NN and NP values. However, situation in phase of full maturity was a slightly different. While Coveron increased the values of PH and NN, other parameters were greater in control. Correlations among the investigated traits were also estimated, and significant positive correlation between GY and NP, NS and SW was determined. Accordingly, further research should be focused on the potential biofertilizer use to increase biomass and grain yield

Impact of soybean-common millet intercropping on element land equivalent ratio

Здруживање усева представља једну од одрживих пракси пољопривреде. Посебан значај огледа се у повећању квалитета зрна, услед побољшане искористивости земљишних ресурса код комплементарних усева. Мера ефикасности оваквог система најбоље се исказује преко односа еквивалената земљишта (ЛЕР), док се принос елемената у зрну може пратити помоћу Е-ЛЕР-а (елементарни однос еквивалената земљишта). Циљ истраживања био је испитивање утицаја здруживања соје и проса на Е-ЛЕР (Ca, Mg, S, B, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo) у зрну како би се утврдио ефекат и комплементарност наведених врста. Соја и просо су посејани у 3 комбинације: наизменични редови соје и проса (С-М), наизменичне траке 2 реда соје и 2 реда проса (СС-ММ) и наизменичне траке 2 реда соје и 4 реда проса (СС-ММММ), паралено са самосталним (контролним) усевима, 2018. и 2020. године. Осим комбиновања, испитиван је и утицај био-ђубрива Coveron (БФ). Резултати су показали да је СС-ММ+БФ комбинација најефикаснија, с обзиром да су вредности Е-ЛЕР-а за све испитиване елементе веће од 1, што указује на укупно повећање приноса сваког од елемената. У овој комбинацији највише вредности су добијене за Mn-ЛЕР (1.67), Fe-ЛЕР (1.66) и Ca-ЛЕР (1.60). Упоређујући огледне комбинације без био-ђубрива, СС-ММ се и овде издвојила као најпогоднија, са вишим вредностима Е-ЛЕР-а у односу на друге две комбинације (највише вредности су добијене за B-ЛЕР, Mn-ЛЕР и Fe-ЛЕР, 1.38, 1.34 и 1.34, респективно). Здруживање усева у другачијим односима дало је вредности Е-ЛЕР-а близу 1 за већину елемената. На основу добијених резултата може се закључити да су соја и просо компатибилне врсте за здруживање, као и да комбинација 2 реда соје и 2 реда проса обезбеђује највиши однос еквивалената елемената, односно акумулацију елемената у зрну испитиваних врста, позитивно се одражавајући на квалитет зрна.The intercropping presents prominent sustainable agricultural practice. Its particular importance is reflected through increased grain quality due to improved use of land resources by inter, i.e. complementary crops. The measure of efficiency of such system is expressed in the best way through the land equivalent ratio (LER), while the yield of elements in grain can be monitored using E-LER (element land equivalent ratio). The aim of research was to examine the impact of soybean-common millet intercropping on E-LER (Ca, Mg, S, B, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se, Mo) of grain, in order to determine the effect and complementarity of crops. Soybean and millet were sown in 3 combinations: alternating rows (S-М), alternating strips with 2 rows of soybean and 2 rows of millet (SS-ММ) and alternating strips with 2 rows of soybean and 4 rows of millet (SS-ММММ), together with sole crops (control), during 2018 and 2020. The impact of bio-fertilizer Coveron (BF) was also investigated. The results showed that SS-MM+BF combination is the most efficient considering values of E-LER which are higher than 1 for all examined elements, indicating a total increase in the yield of each of the elements. In this combination the highest values were obtained for Mn-LER (1.67), Fe-LER (1.66) and Ca-LER (1.60). Comparing experimental combinations without BF, SS-MM also stood out as the most efficient, with higher E-LER values compared to the other two combinations (the highest values were obtained for B-LER, Mn-LER and Fe-LER, 1.38, 1.34 and 1.34, respectively). Other intercrop combinations gave values of E-LER close to 1 for most elements. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that soybean and common millet are compatible crops for intercropping. The combination of 2 rows of soybean and 2 rows of millet provides the highest E-LER values, i.e. accumulation of elements in grains, which positively reflects on grain quality

Efekti primene tifon uređaja u navodnjavanju kukuruza (Zea mays L.)

The aim of this study was to use results of experimental work to analyse effects of maize irrigation and to quantify basic parameters that are included into exploitation costs of a long–ranged self–propelled sprayer, so called typhoon sprinkler. The four–replicate trial was carried out according to a randomised block design in the experimental fields of the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, during the 2002–2008 period. The irrigation was applied in all years but 2004 in which the precipitation sum was sufficient to maintain soil moisture above the predetermined pre–watering soil moisture. According to obtained results, effects of irrigation on grain yields over years varied from to 0.315 t ha-1 to 4.459 t ha-1. Furthermore, the input to output ratio varied over years. The long–term average shows that each tonne of a yield obtained by irrigation was loaded by consumed energy of 328 kWh used for the operation of a submersible pump that supplied the typhoon sprinkler with a necessary water amount (555m3) from a deep well, then with approximately 2 l of fuel necessary for the tractor operation and with 17 hours of labour.Cilj rada je bio da se na osnovu rezultata eksperimentalnog rada izvrši analiza efekata primene navodnjavanja kukuruza i kvantifikuju osnovni parametri koji učestvuju u strukturi troškova eksploatacije samohodnog rasprskivača velikog dometa tzv. tifon uređaji. Ogled je izveden u periodu 2002–2008, po metodi slučajnog blok sistema u četiri ponavljanja, na eksperimentalnom polju za navodnjavanje Instituta za kukuruz "Zemun Polje". U svim godinama je navodnjavano osim u 2004. godini, kada su padavine bile zadovoljavajuće za održavnje vlage iznad nivoa predviđene predzalivne vlažnosti zemljišta. Rezultati pokazuju da je po godinama proučavanja ostvaren različiti efekat navodnjavanja, od 0,315 t ha-1 do 4,459 t ha-1. Takođe, zavisno od godine bio je različit odnos input–a i output–a. U višegodišnjem proseku, svaka tona prinosa dobijena dejstvom faktora navodnjavanja bila opterećena utrošenom energijom od 328 kWh za rad podvodne pumpe, koja je snabdevala tifon uređaj potrebnom količinom vode (500 m3) iz dubinskog bunara, zatim sa oko 2 litre goriva za angažovanje traktora i sa približno 17 časova ljudskog rada

Efekti produženog dejstva primene meliorativnog sistema obrade zemljišta teškog mehaničkog sastava u proizvodnji ratarskih kultura

There are around 400,000 hectares of soils with heavy mechanical composition, and the greatest part of the production area is under crops. The long term soil tillage by conventional methods (using plough) and a large number of passages of mechanization in this type of soil causes a subarable waterproof layer, with a lot of negative consequences in a crop production. This research aims at defining the impact of an ameliorative tillage of soils with heavy mechanical composition and its long term effects on distribution of nitrogen and moisture in the soil and yield of main crops in dry farming conditions. There is an increased average soil moisture in the ATS treatment, by 1.25% compared to the CT treatment. The biggest difference in yields between the ATS and CT treatments was observed during 2009/10 in wheat production, where the difference was 26.5% in favor of the ATS treatment. The biggest difference in yield was achieved in the year with the highest rainfall during vegetative growth of wheat.U Srbiji ima oko 400.000 ha zemljišta teškog mehaničkog sastava, a najveći deo tih proizvodnih površina se nalazi pod ratarskim kulturama. Višegodišnja obrada zemljišta konvencionalnim metodama (pomoću raonog pluga) i velikog broja prolaza sredstava mehanizacije na ovom tipu zemljišta izaziva stvaranje podoraničnog vodonepropusnog sloja, sa puno negativnih posledica u ratarskoj proizvodnji. Ovo istraživanje je usmereno ka definisanju uticaja meliorativne obrade zemljišta teškog mehaničkog sastava i produženog dejstva iste na distribuciju azota i vlage u zemljištu, kao i prinos glavnih ratarskih kultura u uslovima suvog ratarenja. Primetna je veća prosečna vlažnosti zemljišta kod tretmana ATS, i to za 1,25% u odnosu na CT tretman. Najveća razlika u prinosima između ATS i CT tretmana je uočena 2009-10 godine u proizvodnji pšenice, gde je razlika iznosila 26,5% u korist ATS tretmana. Najveća razlika u prinosima je ostvarena u godini sa najvećom količinom padavina ostvarenih tokom vegetativnog perioda proizvodnje pšenice