Hydrodynamic modeling of thermochemical treatment of low permeable kerogen-containing reservoirs

The work is devoted to the effectiveness analysis of thermochemical method of intensifying the hydrocarbons inflow using binary mixtures based on ammonium nitrate in the development of low-permeability reservoirs of unconventional hydrocarbons represented by petroleum-derived kerogen-bearing rocks. The concept of the research is aimed at determining the principles of treating kerogen-bearing layers and the creation of new scientific, methodological and technological solutions to increase the efficiency of developing deposits of these unconventional hydrocarbon reserves. Some properties of oil source formations located on the territory of the Russian Federation are generalized and structured. The results of investigations of the thermal treatment on rocks of the Bazhenov formation are generalized. The authors present the principles of mathematical modeling of thermal and chemical processes, allowing to take into account the geological and hydrodynamic features of kerogen-containing rocks. We have described a mathematical model of the thermogas chemical treatment with the use of binary mixtures. The calculation results of the treating the field with highly viscous oil are given. Based on the calculation results of thermal-gas-chemical treatment (TGCT) of low-permeable reservoir with highly viscous oil, a positive effect was obtained. Therefore, the authors conclude that the TGCT method, along with the search for other methods for the development of kerogen-containing reservoirs, can be considered promising and possibly more optimal than the thermal and chemical methods used

The Influence of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on the Behavior of Mammals after Single Intrapharyngeal or Intravenous Exposure

© 2020, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. Abstract: The toxic effects of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in mammals are important to assess due to MWCNTs are a widespread environmental pollutant. MWCNTs were tested for the effect on the behavioral functions of laboratory mice in the open field, rotarod, and elevated plus maze tests. Two possible routes of MWCNT entry into the body were examined: intrapharyngeal aspiration and intravenous administration, in order to model the most common ways of MWCNT entry, through the lungs and by assimilation from the blood through blood–tissue barriers. The potential toxin was administered once intrapharyngeally at 20 μg per mouse or intravenously at 0.2 μg per mouse. Acute and delayed effects were evaluated 24 h and 30 days after administration. Latent emotional tension and weaker exploratory reactions were observed 24 h after intrapharyngeal MWCNT aspiration. Signs of stress were still detectable 30 days after exposure. In contrast, an increase in locomotor and exploratory activities was observed 24 h after intravenous MWCNT administration. The result was explained by an inhibitory MWCNT effect on the lower respiratory tract and a potential lack of MWCNT accumulation in organs because MWCNTs were relatively large in size and could not penetrate through blood–tissue barriers