Panorama of the post-mine residual risks

Zagrożenia występujące na terenach opuszczonych przez przemysł górniczy można podzielić na następujące kategorie: niestabilność powierzchni terenu, mechaniczna i chemiczna niestabilność składowisk odpadów górniczych, pożary hałd górniczych, niestabilność składowisk odpadów poflotacyjnych oraz ogólne zanieczyszczenie terenu. Większość tych zagrożeń występuje na wszystkich terenach starych kopalń, jednakże zależą przede wszystkim od stosowanych metod wydobywczych, głębokości kopalń, rodzaju rudy i nadkładu oraz metody konstrukcji składowiska poflotacyjnego. Rodzaj zagrożeń może bardzo różnić się w zależności od kopalni. Należy zatem zbadać je w każdym przypadku oddzielnie, a następnie dla każdego przypadku opracować niezależne procedury ochrony wszystkich budowli oraz infrastruktury znajdujących się na zagrożonym terenie. Taka procedura może być wzorowana na ograniczeniach wypracowanych dla budowli przemysłowych w przypadku Seveso

F in A systematic revision of the African catfish genus Parauchenoglanis (Siluriformes: Claroteidae)

F. 1. Schematic illustration of measurements taken on the Parauchenoglanis specimens. See table 1 for the explanation of the different numbers.Published as part of <i>Geerinckx, T., Adriaens, D., Teugels, G. G. & Verraes, W., 2004, A systematic revision of the African catfish genus Parauchenoglanis (Siluriformes: Claroteidae), pp. 775-803 in Journal of Natural History 38 (6)</i> on page 778, DOI: 10.1080/0022293021000039160, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10099764">http://zenodo.org/record/10099764</a&gt

Parauchenoglanis longiceps

Parauchenoglanis longiceps (Boulenger, 1913) (figure 8f) Auchenoglanis longiceps Boulenger, 1913. Auchenoglanis maculosus Holly, 1927 (new synonymy). Parauchenoglanis longiceps: Teugels et al., 1991. Diagnosis. Head height smaller than preorbital head length. Interorbital distance more than twice horizontal orbital diameter. Barbels short, with maxillary barbel never reaching base of pectoral fin spine, external mandibular barbel at most reaching halfway along pectoral fin spine. Anterior margin of pectoral fin spine largely smooth (not serrated). Minimal height of caudal peduncle slightly greater than horizontal distance between bases of adipose and caudal fin, but never twice as great. Description. Based on eight specimens including holotype (see below). See also table 4. Body low and slender. Snout relatively long, giving head elongate appearance. Posterior margin of pectoral fin spine serrated; anterior margin smooth except for few serrae distally. Humeral process narrow and pointed, with width at base being smaller than length of process. Eight pectoral fin rays. Overall coloration brown or reddish, with head as dark as, or slightly darker than rest of body. Head and body covered with numerous small dark dots, those on head being as large as those on body. Dorsal, caudal and adipose fins densely spotted as well. Other fins usually uniformly brown or grey. Belly pale, without any dots. Note on the synonym. Holly (1927) stated that P. maculosus could be distinguished from P. longiceps by means of the ‘mightier’ head, the shorter external mandibular barbel, the smaller eye, the larger number of anal fin rays and the more numerous gill rakers. Both syntypes of P. maculosus are very large, compared to the holotype of P. longiceps, and so the first two cited differences may be due to allometry. The numbers of anal fin rays and gill rakers vary considerably even between individuals that originated at the same location. None of these four cited characteristics, nor any other, can be used to discriminate the nominal species, which are thus considered synonyms. Distribution (figure 10). This species is restricted to the basin of the Nyong River (Central to South Cameroon). Maximum size recorded. The maximum size recorded is 411 mm SL. Material examined. Eight specimens. NHM 1913.10.29:12 (holotype): Nyong River at Akonolinga (Cameroon); 3°46∞N, 12°15∞E; 160 mm SL. NMW 7800–7801 (syntypes of P. maculosus): Cameroon; two spm, 318–411 mm SL. MRAC 73- 2 -P-1797: Nyong River near Ebogo (Cameroon); approx. 3°24∞N, 11°28∞E; 182 mm SL. MRAC 73-18 -P-2244: Ebogo, Nyong River (Cameroon); 3°24∞N, 11°28∞E; 285 mm SL. MRAC 73-29 -P-1455–1457: Ebogo, Nyong River (Cameroon); 3°24∞N, 11°28∞E; three spm, 163–265 mm SL.Published as part of Geerinckx, T., Adriaens, D., Teugels, G. G. & Verraes, W., 2004, A systematic revision of the African catfish genus Parauchenoglanis (Siluriformes: Claroteidae), pp. 775-803 in Journal of Natural History 38 (6) on pages 799-800, DOI: 10.1080/002229302100003916

F in A systematic revision of the African catfish genus Parauchenoglanis (Siluriformes: Claroteidae)

F. 10. Geographic distribution of Parauchenoglanis guttatus (2), P. buettikoferi (%), P. ahli (&), P. longiceps (+) and P. pantherinus ($).Published as part of <i>Geerinckx, T., Adriaens, D., Teugels, G. G. & Verraes, W., 2004, A systematic revision of the African catfish genus Parauchenoglanis (Siluriformes: Claroteidae), pp. 775-803 in Journal of Natural History 38 (6)</i> on page 795, DOI: 10.1080/0022293021000039160, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/10099764">http://zenodo.org/record/10099764</a&gt

Parauchenoglanis ngamensis

Parauchenoglanis ngamensis (Boulenger, 1911) (figure 8e) Auchenoglanis ngamensis Boulenger, 1911. Parauchenoglanis ngamensis: Teugels et al., 1991. Diagnosis. Humeral process of cleithrum, which is visible through the skin, bluntly triangular, with its width at base nearly as great as its length, with width being at least as great as orbital diameter. In adult specimens its upper margin usually becomes somewhat serrated. Head height greater than, rarely as great as, preorbital head length. Barbels relatively short, with external mandibular barbel never reaching beyond tip of pectoral fin spine. Caudal peduncle significantly higher than long, with minimal height much greater than horizontal distance between bases of adipose and caudal fins. Description. Based on 20 specimens including holotype (see below). See also table 4. General shape of body and head moderately elongate. Pectoral fin spine coarsely serrated on both margins, anterior margin being slightly less rough than in P. punctatus. Seven or eight pectoral fin rays. The overall colour of this species varies considerably from bright to virtually blackish brown. Purple hue occasionally present. Belly brown to whitish. Zambezi and Okavango specimens are characterized by five to seven vertical rows of blackish spots on background of lighter spots all over body. Kasai specimens typically lack background pattern, though intermediate forms may be found. Distribution (figure 9). Parauchenoglanis ngamensis has been found in the tributaries of the Kasai River, as well as in the upper Zambezi River basin and in the Okavango Delta (Angola, Zambia, Botswana). Maximum size recorded. The maximum size recorded is 207 mm SL. Material examined. Twenty specimens. NHM 1910.5.31:35 (holotype): Okavango River near Lake Ngami, Botswana; 20°45∞S, 22°55∞E; 186 mm SL. MRAC P.142057: tributary of upper Zambezi River at Chavuma (Zambia); 13°06∞S, 22°42∞E; 141 mm SL. MRAC P.142072: tributary of upper Zambezi River at Monga (Zambia); 14°05∞S, 22°24∞E; 104 mm SL. MRAC P.161663, 161665: tributary of Luachimo River (Kasai basin, Angola); 7°23∞S, 20°50∞E; two spm, 106–154 mm SL. MRAC P.161707: Cavuemba River (Angola); 87 mm SL. MRAC P. 161712–161714: Lake Calundo (Zambezi basin, Angola); 11°43∞S, 20°48∞E; three spm, 103–208 mm SL. MRAC P.161718: Luita River at Cuilo Xà-Ua (Kasai basin, Angola); 8°02∞S, 19°25∞E; 74 mm SL. MRAC P.161719: Uamba River near Mabete (Kasai basin, Angola); 8°07∞S, 18°09∞E; 125 mm SL. MRAC P.161725–161727: Mololo River (tributary of Chiumbe River, Kasai basin, Angola); 7°49∞S, 21°05∞E; three spm, 98–145 mm SL. MRAC P.161765–161766: Luenda River (Angola); two spm, 51–66 mm SL. MRAC 78-6 -P-875: Lomboma, Luembe River (Kasai basin, Angola); 7°53∞S, 21°24∞E; 175 mm SL. MRAC 78-6 -P-876–878: Cafunfo, Cuango River (Kasai basin, Angola); 7°37∞S, 15°43∞E; three spm, 48–60 mm SL.Published as part of Geerinckx, T., Adriaens, D., Teugels, G. G. & Verraes, W., 2004, A systematic revision of the African catfish genus Parauchenoglanis (Siluriformes: Claroteidae), pp. 775-803 in Journal of Natural History 38 (6) on pages 798-799, DOI: 10.1080/002229302100003916

Parauchenoglanis buettikoferi

Parauchenoglanis buettikoferi (Popta, 1913) (figure 8g) Auchenoglanis büttikoferi Popta, 1913. Parauchenoglanis buettikoferi: Teugels et al., 1991. Diagnosis. Head height greater than preorbital head length. Barbels rather short, with maxillary barbel just reaching base of pectoral fin spine, external mandibular barbel not reaching beyond tip of pectoral fin spine. Anterior margin of pectoral fin spine coarsely serrated over its whole length. Caudal peduncle long (as in P. balayi), with its minimum height slightly greater than horizontal distance between bases of adipose and caudal fin. Description. Based on holotype. See also table 4. Body relatively low and slender. Both margins of pectoral fin spine coarsely serrated. Humeral process narrow and pointed, with width at base being much smaller than length of process. Seven pectoral fin rays. The coloration of the holotype of P. buettikoferi was described by Popta (1913) when it had already been preserved in alcohol for some time. She described the colour as violet brown. Afterwards the specimen was stained for bone, such that it is now impossible to perceive many details of the colour pattern. An examination of the specimen reveals the apparent presence of about four large spots on the flank. Distribution (figure 10). The holotype of Parauchenoglanis buettikoferi was collected in the Warri River in the Western Niger Delta (Nigeria). No other specimens seem to have been subsequently collected. Maximum size recorded. The maximum size recorded is 84 mm SL (only specimen). Material examined. One specimen. NNM 8860 (holotype): Warri River (Niger Delta, Nigeria); 5°34∞N, 5°55∞E; 84 mm SL.Published as part of Geerinckx, T., Adriaens, D., Teugels, G. G. & Verraes, W., 2004, A systematic revision of the African catfish genus Parauchenoglanis (Siluriformes: Claroteidae), pp. 775-803 in Journal of Natural History 38 (6) on page 800, DOI: 10.1080/002229302100003916

Parauchenoglanis punctatus

Parauchenoglanis punctatus (Boulenger, 1902) (figure 8c) Auchenoglanis punctatus Boulenger, 1902a. Auchenoglanis iturii Steindachner, 1911 (new synonymy). Auchenoglanis grandis Fowler, 1936 (new synonymy). Parauchenoglanis punctatus: Teugels et al., 1991. Diagnosis. Head height greater than, rarely as great as, preorbital head length. Barbels extremely long, with maxillary barbel usually reaching beyond base of pectoral fin spine; external mandibular barbel always reaching beyond tip of pectoral fin spine. Both margins of pectoral fin spine coarsely serrated. High caudal peduncle, with minimal height of peduncle usually twice horizontal distance between adipose fin and caudal fin bases, or even greater. Description. Based on 47 specimens including holotype (see below). See also table 4. Body and head relatively elevated. Anterior margin of pectoral fin spine always coarsely serrated from base to tip, with serrae being smaller but usually more numerous than those on posterior margin. Humeral process narrow and pointed. Eight (rarely seven) pectoral fin rays. Adipose fin thick and remarkably higher than in most Parauchenoglanis species, except for P. altipinnis. Head dark brown, typically darker than flanks, sometimes with indistinct, large, dark marks. Flanks brown, occasionally with a purple hue, and 6–10 (rarely 11) vertical rows of very dark to black separate dots, each smaller than eye. In younger specimens dark vertical bands may be barely apparent. Belly pale brown to whitish. Fins spotted or not. Note on the synonyms. Neither Steindachner (1911) nor Fowler (1936) mentioned the existence of P. punctatus when describing P. iturii and P. grandis, respectively. Possibly they were unaware of the description of P. punctatus by Boulenger (1902a). The holotype of P. punctatus is a small, juvenile specimen, in which some of the distinguishing traits for the species are not yet fully apparent. This may account for the failure of Steindachner and Fowler to recognize that their species were conspecific with it. Both authors distinguished their species from P. ngamensis by the longer external mandibular barbel. Parauchenoglanis ngamensis can be discerned from P. punctatus by its shorter barbels, as mentioned in the original description of the species by Boulenger (1911). The results of this paper unequivocally indicate that both P. iturii and P. grandis should be considered synonyms of P. punctatus. Distribution (figure 9). Parauchenoglanis punctatus has a wide distribution. It is present in the lower and central Congo River basin up to Kisangani; it also inhabits the San Benito and Ogowe River basins. It is the most widespread of all Parauchenoglanis species (Gabon, Central African Republic, Congo Brazzaville, Democratic Republic of the Congo). Maximum size recorded. The maximum size recorded is 410 mm SL. Material examined. Forty-seven specimens. ISNB 9 (holotype): Lindi River (north-eastern Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo); 65 mm SL. NMW 47475 –47476 (syntypes of P. iturii): Ituri River (tributary of Aruwimi River, Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo); two spm, 186–188 mm SL. ANSP 66.125 (holotype of P. grandis): Sangha River at Nola (Congo basin, Central African Republic); 3°31∞N, 16°03∞E; 120 mm SL. MRAC P.1322: Mawambi, Ituri River (Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo); 1°04∞N, 28°34∞E; 185 mm SL. MRAC P.3164: Oshwe, Lac Léopold II, Lukenie River (Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo); 3°23∞S, 19°30∞E; 100 mm SL. MRAC P.14624: Uelé River (tributary of Ubangi River, Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo); 73 mm SL. MRAC P.17461: Basongo (tributary of Kasai River, Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo); approx. 4°20∞S, 20°22∞E; 83 mm SL. MRAC P.19605: Luluabourg (=Kananga), Lulua River (Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo); 5°55∞S, 22°19∞E; 103 mm SL. MRAC P.20426–20427: Sémbé River (tributary of Koudou River, Congo basin, Congo Brazzaville); approx. 1°38∞N, 14°34∞E; two spm, 92–97 mm SL. MRAC P.29641: Kunungu (Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo): 2°10∞S, 16°14∞E; 57 mm SL. MRAC P.29708: Lomami River (Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo); approx. 0°41∞N, 24°12∞E; 120 mm SL. MRAC P.38067–38069, 38072: Kunungu (Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo); 2°10∞S, 16°14∞E; three spm, 94–138 mm SL. MRAC P.38326: Kunungu (Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo); 2°10∞S, 16°14∞E; 62 mm SL. MRAC P.42908: Budjala, tributary of Moeko River (Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo); 2°39∞N, 19°42∞E; 81 mm SL. MRAC P.57197, 57200: Nolva, Kunungu (Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo); 2°10∞S, 16°14∞E; two spm, 68–103 mm SL. MRAC P.68811–68814: Mushie (tributary of Kasai River, Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo); approx. 3°02∞S, 16°56∞E; four spm, 96–185 mm SL. MRAC P.72562–72563: Flandria, Momboyo River (Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo); 0°03∞S, 18°28∞E; two spm, 113–119 mm SL. MRAC P.117627: Stanley Pool (=Malebo Pool) (Congo River; Democratic Republic of Congo); 4°10∞S, 15°23∞E; 93 mm SL. MRAC P.131264–131271: Lake Tumba (Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo); 0°46∞S, 18°02∞E; eight spm, 48–76 mm SL. MRAC P.131272: Ikela, Botiti River (tributary of Tshuapa River, Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo); 1°11∞S, 23°15∞E; 50 mm SL. MRAC P.135369–135374: Yaekama, tributary of Lopori River (Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo); 0°47∞N, 23°17∞E; five spm, 73–178 mm SL. MRAC 75-56-P-1433–1435: Mang, Boumba River (Congo basin, Democratic Republic of Congo); 3°20∞N, 14°05∞E; three spm, 106–190 mm SL. MRAC A0-48-P-1328: Mvoul River (tributary of Lake Ezanga, Ivindo River, Ogowe basin, Gabon); 1°54∞N, 12°37∞E; 290 mm SL. MRAC A0-48-P-1329: Mabora River (tributary of Lake Nkonié, Ogowe basin, Gabon); 0°32∞S, 9°55∞E; 410 mm SL. MRAC A0-49-P-210: pont de Lebombi, Békoyo, near Franceville (Ogowe basin, Gabon); 1°38∞N, 13°24∞E; 194 mm SL.Published as part of Geerinckx, T., Adriaens, D., Teugels, G. G. & Verraes, W., 2004, A systematic revision of the African catfish genus Parauchenoglanis (Siluriformes: Claroteidae), pp. 775-803 in Journal of Natural History 38 (6) on page 796, DOI: 10.1080/002229302100003916

Parauchenoglanis altipinnis

Parauchenoglanis altipinnis (Boulenger, 1911) (figure 8d) Auchenoglanis altipinnis Boulenger, 1911. Parauchenoglanis altipinnis: Teugels et al., 1991. Diagnosis. Head height greater than, rarely as great as, preorbital head length. Barbels relatively short, with maxillary barbel at most reaching base of pectoral fin spine; external mandibular barbel never reaching beyond tip of pectoral fin spine. Anterior margin of pectoral fin spine largely smooth. Caudal peduncle mostly as in P. balayi, with minimal height of caudal peduncle as great as horizontal distance between bases of adipose and caudal fin, or slightly greater (though in two examined specimens it was almost twice as great). Description. Based on 13 specimens including holotype (see below). See also table 4. Body and head relatively high. Central (and usually proximal) portion of anterior margin of pectoral fin spine smooth; with few serrae present distally (as in all Parauchenoglanis species). Humeral process largely narrow and pointed; process more sturdy in very large specimens, resulting in more broadly triangular shape, as typically present in P. ngamensis, but always with smooth upper margin. Dorsal fin long to extremely long compared to that of other Parauchenoglanis species, often even longer than head length. Seven or eight pectoral fin rays. Adipose fin very well developed in most specimens, becoming very sturdy and notably high, and comparable to that in P. punctatus. Overall pigmentation ranges from greyish to very dark brown. Barely obvious pigmentation pattern on flank generally consisting of one horizontal row of one to six large round spots, becoming more and more faint posteriorly. Belly brown to whitish. Dorsal portion of body, as well as adipose and caudal fins sometimes have some faint reticulate pattern apparent. Other fins uniformly coloured. Distribution (figure 9). This species is present in parts of Cameroon, Gabon and Congo Brazzaville: it has been found in the basins of the Congo (Dja tributary), Nyong, Ogowe and Chiloango Rivers. Maximum size recorded. The maximum size recorded is 255 mm SL. Material examined. Thirteen specimens. NHM 1911.5.30:30 (holotype): Dja River at Esamesa (tributary of Sangha River, Congo basin, Cameroon); 170 mm SL. MRAC P.78801: Lukula River (Chiloango basin, Congo Brazzaville); approx. 5°23∞S, 12°56∞E; 159 mm SL. MRAC 73-2 - 1801–1804: Makokou, Ivindo River (Ogowe basin, Gabon); 0°34∞N, 12°52∞E; four spm, 150–255 mm SL. MRAC 73-29 -P-1453–1454: Ebogo, Nyong River (Cameroon); 3°24∞N, 11°28∞E; two spm, 205–221 mm SL. MRAC 75-56 -P-900–901: Ayos, Nyong River (Cameroon); 3°53∞N, 12°32∞E; two spm, 230–232 mm SL. MRAC 95-42 -P-791–793: Dja River at Bi (Cameroon); 2°47∞N, 13°21∞E; three spm, 150–189 mm SL.Published as part of Geerinckx, T., Adriaens, D., Teugels, G. G. & Verraes, W., 2004, A systematic revision of the African catfish genus Parauchenoglanis (Siluriformes: Claroteidae), pp. 775-803 in Journal of Natural History 38 (6) on pages 797-798, DOI: 10.1080/002229302100003916

Parauchenoglanis Boulenger 1911

Parauchenoglanis Boulenger, 1911 Diagnosis. Head moderately depressed. Eyes 9–17% of head length, not covered with skin and placed dorsolaterally approximately mid-way along rostrocaudal axis of head. Premaxillary toothplate consisting of two small, slightly elongate patches with a combined width of less than 20% of head length. Posterior cranial bones hardly or not visible through skin; supraoccipital process narrow and often significantly reduced; process may or may not contact the inconspicuous and rudimentary first nuchal plate. Branchiostegal membranes completely fused. Branchiostegal rays 8–10. Dorsal fin rays II.7, pectoral fin rays I.6–8, pelvic fin rays i.5, anal fin rays iii–iv.6–9 and caudal fin rays 16–18. The results of this revision indicate that nine species are valid, distinguished as in the following key.Published as part of Geerinckx, T., Adriaens, D., Teugels, G. G. & Verraes, W., 2004, A systematic revision of the African catfish genus Parauchenoglanis (Siluriformes: Claroteidae), pp. 775-803 in Journal of Natural History 38 (6) on page 788, DOI: 10.1080/002229302100003916