Lysosomal Lipid Peroxidation Regulates Tumor Immunity

Lysosomal inhibition elicited by palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) inhibitors such as DC661 can produce cell death, but the mechanism for this is not completely understood. Programmed cell death pathways (autophagy, apoptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis) were not required to achieve the cytotoxic effect of DC661. Inhibition of cathepsins, or iron or calcium chelation, did not rescue DC661-induced cytotoxicity. PPT1 inhibition induced lysosomal lipid peroxidation (LLP), which led to lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cell death that could be reversed by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) but not by other lipid peroxidation antioxidants. The lysosomal cysteine transporter MFSD12 was required for intralysosomal transport of NAC and rescue of LLP. PPT1 inhibition produced cell-intrinsic immunogenicity with surface expression of calreticulin that could only be reversed with NAC. DC661-treated cells primed naive T cells and enhanced T cell-mediated toxicity. Mice vaccinated with DC661-treated cells engendered adaptive immunity and tumor rejection in immune hot tumors but not in immune cold tumors. These findings demonstrate that LLP drives lysosomal cell death, a unique immunogenic form of cell death, pointing the way to rational combinations of immunotherapy and lysosomal inhibition that can be tested in clinical trials

Caracterisation of cytotoxic microRNAs target’s and associated regulation networks in ovarian carcinoma

L’amélioration de la prise en charge personnalisée des cancers de l’ovaire nécessite le développement de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques et d’outils capables de prédire la réponse au traitement et la récidive. L’étude des miARNs cellulaires et circulants représente un champ d’investigation prometteur en oncologie, et ils pourraient rapidement constituer de nouveaux outils diagnostiques, pronostiques, voire thérapeutiques. Suite à la réalisation d’un criblage fonctionnel haut débit d’une banque de miARNs sur des lignées cancéreuses ovariennes, nous avons identifié plusieurs miARNs d’intérêt. Alors que l’utilisation des miARNs en tant qu’agents thérapeutiques n’est pas aujourd’hui envisageable, la caractérisation des cibles «pas-à-pas» de l’un de ces candidats, le miR-3622b-5p, en lien avec son action anti-tumorale au sens large (pro-apoptique, sensibilisation au cisplatine et anti-invasive) sur un panel de lignées cancéreuses ovariennes, a permis de renforcer l’intérêt de l’approche que nous développons qui consiste à reproduire l’effet de miARNs en ciblant les déterminants de leur action à l’aide de molécules inhibitrices, potentiellement utilisables en clinique. En parallèle, afin d’identifier globalement les cibles (leur aspect direct ou indirect vis-à-vis d’un miARN devenant alors secondaire) et réseaux associés des miARNs les plus prometteurs, identifiés lors du du screening, et en se basant initialement sur le premier apoptomiR identifié au laboratoire, le miR-491-5p, pour en faire la preuve de concept, une évaluation de l’approche méthodologique combinant des données d’approches multi-omiques a permis de conclure quant à l’intérêt de coupler les analyses trancriptomique et protéomique pour identifier de nouvelles cibles/voies en lien avec son action pro-apoptotique et ainsi proposer des associations pharmacologiques pertinentes et innovantes pour les cancers de l’ovaire. Par ailleurs, nous avons identifié une signature de miARN sérique capable d’identifier les patients susceptibles de présenter une résistance aux sels de platine et potentiellement aux inhibiteurs de PARP, préalablement à toute chimiothérapie et au moment de la récidive avant la seconde ligne de traitement. En résumé, ces résulats offrent de grandes promesses et placent les miARNs au coeur la médecine de précision de demain dans les cancers de l’ovaire.Improving the personalized management of ovarian cancer requires the development of new therapeutic approaches and tools able to predict treatment response and recurrence. The study of cellular and circulating miRNAs represents a promising field of investigation in oncology, and they could quickly constitute new diagnostic, prognostic and even therapeutic tools. Following a high-throughput functional screening of a miRNA library on ovarian cancer lines, we identified several miRNAs of interest. While the use of miRNAs as therapeutic agents is not currently possible, the characterization of the targets «step-by-step»of one of these candidates, the miR-3622b-5p, with its broad anti-tumoral activity (pro-apoptic, sensibilisation to cisplatin and anti-invasive) on a panel of ovarian cancer lines, made it possible to reinforce the interest of the approach which we develop which consists in reproducing the effect of miRNAs by targeting the determinants of their action using inhibitory molecules, potentially usable in the clinic. In parallel, in order to globally identify the targets (their direct and indirect aspect next to a miRNA then becoming secondary) and associated networks of the most promising miRNAs, identified during the screening, and initially based on the first laboratory-identified apoptomiR, the miR-491-5p, to provide a proof of concept, an evaluation of the methodological approach combining data from multi-omic strategies led to the conclusion that it is useful to combine the trancriptomic and proteomic analyses to identify new targets/pathways related to its pro-apoptotic action and thus propose relevant and innovative pharmacological associations for ovarian cancers. In addition, we have identified a serum miRNA signature capable of identifying patients who may be resistant to platinum-based chemotherapy and potentially PARP inhibitors, prior to any chemotherapy and at the time of recurrence before the second line of treatment. In summary, these results offer great promise and place miRNAs at the heart of tomorrow's precision medicine in ovarian cancer

A Genome-Wide Screen Identifies PDPK1 as a Target to Enhance the Efficacy of MEK1/2 Inhibitors

Melanomas frequently harbor activating NRAS mutations. However, limited advance has been made in developing targeted therapy options for NRAS mutant melanoma patients. MEK inhibitors (MEKi) show modest efficacy in the clinic and their actions need to be optimized. In this study, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9-based screen and demonstrated that loss of Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDPK1) enhances the efficacy of MEKi. The synergistic effects of PDPK1 loss and MEKi was validated in NRAS mutant melanoma cell lines using pharmacological and molecular approaches. Combined PDPK1 inhibitors (PDPK1i) with MEKi suppressed NRAS mutant xenograft growth and induced gasdermin E-associated pyroptosis. In an immune-competent allograft model, PDPK1i+MEKi increased the ratio of intratumoral CD8+ T cells, delayed tumor growth and prolonged survival; the combination treatment was less effective against tumors in immune-deficient mice. These data suggest PDPK1i+MEKi as an efficient immunostimulatory strategy against NRAS mutant melanoma. Significance: Targeting PDPK1 stimulates anti-tumor immunity and sensitizes NRAS mutant melanoma to MEK inhibition, providing rationale for the clinical development of a combinatorial approach for treating melanoma patients