19 research outputs found
MATCASC: A tool to analyse cascading line outages in power grids
Blackouts in power grids typically result from cascading failures. The key
importance of the electric power grid to society encourages further research
into sustaining power system reliability and developing new methods to manage
the risks of cascading blackouts. Adequate software tools are required to
better analyze, understand, and assess the consequences of the cascading
failures. This paper presents MATCASC, an open source MATLAB based tool to
analyse cascading failures in power grids. Cascading effects due to line
overload outages are considered. The applicability of the MATCASC tool is
demonstrated by assessing the robustness of IEEE test systems and real-world
power grids with respect to cascading failures
Context-Independent Centrality Measures Underestimate the Vulnerability of Power Grids
Power grids vulnerability is a key issue in society. A component failure may
trigger cascades of failures across the grid and lead to a large blackout.
Complex network approaches have shown a direction to study some of the problems
faced by power grids. Within Complex Network Analysis structural
vulnerabilities of power grids have been studied mostly using purely
topological approaches, which assumes that flow of power is dictated by
shortest paths. However, this fails to capture the real flow characteristics of
power grids. We have proposed a flow redistribution mechanism that closely
mimics the flow in power grids using the PTDF. With this mechanism we enhance
existing cascading failure models to study the vulnerability of power grids.
We apply the model to the European high-voltage grid to carry out a
comparative study for a number of centrality measures. `Centrality' gives an
indication of the criticality of network components. Our model offers a way to
find those centrality measures that give the best indication of node
vulnerability in the context of power grids, by considering not only the
network topology but also the power flowing through the network. In addition,
we use the model to determine the spare capacity that is needed to make the
grid robust to targeted attacks. We also show a brief comparison of the end
results with other power grid systems to generalise the result.Comment: Pre-Proceedings of CRITIS '1
Identifying public values and spatial conflicts in urban planning
Identifying the diverse and often competing values of citizens, and resolving
the consequent public value conflicts, are of significant importance for
inclusive and integrated urban development. Scholars have highlighted that
relational, value-laden urban space gives rise to many diverse conflicts that
vary both spatially and temporally. Although notions of public value conflicts
have been conceived in theory, there are very few empirical studies that
identify such values and their conflicts in urban space. Building on public
value theory and using a case-study mixed-methods approach, this paper proposes
a new approach to empirically investigate public value conflicts in urban
space. Using unstructured participatory data of 4,528 citizen contributions
from a Public Participation Geographic Information Systems in Hamburg, Germany,
natural language processing and spatial clustering techniques are used to
identify areas of potential value conflicts. Four expert workshops assess and
interpret these quantitative findings. Integrating both quantitative and
qualitative results, 19 general public values and a total of 9 archetypical
conflicts are identified. On the basis of these results, this paper proposes a
new conceptual tool of Public Value Spheres that extends the theoretical notion
of public-value conflicts and helps to further account for the value-laden
nature of urban space
Time Dynamics of the Dutch Municipality Network
Based on data sets provided by Statistics Netherlands and the International
Institute of Social History, we investigate the Dutch municipality merging
process and the survivability of municipalities over the period 1830-2019. We
examine the dynamics of the population and area per municipality and how their
distributions evolved during the researched period. We apply a Network Science
approach, where each node represents a municipality and the links represent the
geographical interconnections between adjacent municipalities via roads,
railways, bridges or tunnels which were available in each specific yearly
network instance. Over the researched period, we find that the distributions of
the logarithm of both the population and area size closely follow a normal and
a logistic distribution respectively. The tails of the population distributions
follow a power-law distribution, a phenomenon observed in community structures
of many real-world networks. The dynamics of the area distribution are mainly
determined by the merging process, while the population distribution is also
driven by the natural population growth and migration across the municipality
network. Finally, we propose a model of the Dutch Municipality Network that
captures population increase, population migration between municipalities and
the process of municipality merging. Our model allows for predictions of the
population and area distributions over time.Comment: 48 pages, 26 figure
Evaluating the effects of variable user demand on a round-trip, one-way, and free-floating car sharing fleet in the city of Zurich, Switzerland
Supplemental Material - Disadvantaged communities have lower access to urban infrastructure
Supplemental Material for Disadvantaged communities has lower access to urban infrastructure by Leonardo Nicoletti, Mikhail Sirenko and Trivik Verma in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science</p
Supplemental Material - A multi-city study on structural characteristics of bicycle networks
Supplemental Material for A multi-city study on structural characteristics of bicycle networks by Giulia Reggiani, Trivik Verma, Winnie Daamen and Serge Hoogendoorn and Linda Theron in Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science</p
Extracting spatiotemporal commuting patterns from public transit data
Public transit networks in cities are crucial in addressing the transforming mobility needs of citizens for work, services and leisure. The rapid changes in urban demographics pose several challenges for the efficient management of transit services. To forecast transit demand, planners often resort to sociological investigations, modelling or population data that are either difficult to obtain, inaccurate or outdated. How can we then estimate the variable demand for mobility? We propose a simple method to identify the spatiotemporal demand for public transit in a city. Using a Gaussian mixture model, we decompose empirical ridership data into a set of temporal demand profiles representative of ridership over any given day. A case of ≈ 4.6 million daily transit traces of the primary mode of underground services from the Greater London region reveals distinct commuting profiles. We find that a weighted mixture of these profiles can generate any station traffic remarkably well, uncovering spatially concentric clusters of mobility needs. Our results also suggest that heavily used stations that exhibit mixed-use commuting patterns are generally located in the cluster of the central business district and stations away from the centre of the city are largely single use residential areas. Overall, identifying mixed temporal and spatial use of stations diverging from macro mobility patterns in public transit indicates that our approach may be useful in a detailed understanding of integrated transit planning for heterogeneous needs of travellers