A brief study on Neem (Azarrdirachta indica a.) and its application-A review

Neem, Azadirachta indica A. is a tree, which has a wide application in animal kingdom. Azadirachta indica is fast growing evergreen popular tree found commonly in India, Africa and America. In the application of Neem, Neem used as Fertilizer, Manure, urea coating agent, fumigant, pesticide, Soil Conditioner and Neem pest control is very beneficial for proper crop and pest management. This review is mainly focused on application of neen

Liposomes: A targeted drug delivery system- A review

Liposomes are a novel drug delivery system (NDDS), which are vesicular structures consisting of hydrated bilalyers which form spontaneously whenphospholipids are dispersed in water. They are simple microscopic vesicles in which an aqueous volume is entirely enclosed by a membrane composed of lipid bilayers. Novel drug delivery system aims to deliver the drug at a rate directed by the needs of the body during the period of treatment, and channel the active entity to the siteof action. It has been a study interest in the development of a NDDS. Liposomes are colloidal spheres of cholesterol non-toxic surfactants, sphingolipids, glycolipids, long chain fatty acids and even membrane proteins and drug molecules or it is also called vesicular system. It is differ in size, composition and charge. It is a drug carrier loaded with great variety of molecules such as small drug molecules, proteins, nucleotides and even plasmids. Few drugs are also formulated as liposomes to improve their therapeutic index. Consequently a number of vesicular drug delivery systems such as liposomes, niosomes, transfersomes, and pharmacosomes were developed. The focus of this review is to the various method of preparation, characterization of liposomes, advantages and applications etc

Importance of silicon in combating a variety of stresses in plants: A review

The abundance of silicon (Si) in the earth's crust is found as silicon dioxide (SiO2). But this abundance of Si is not a sign that the plants take up an adequate amount of Si. This review article incorporates research based on Si to understand the importance of Si in plants under various stress conditions and its role in sustainable agricultural production. Si's application is considered a better approach to providing stress tolerance to plants under stress conditions. The review describes the different phases of Si, its absorption, transport in plants, and its various mechanisms of action to tolerate specific stresses. The uptake and transport of Si through various Si transporters have also been reported. This review also discusses the various mechanisms of Si under biotic or abiotic stress in different plants. The application of Si improves soil quality and soil health and enhances the soil microbial population. In addition, the role of Si in the upregulation and down-regulation of proteins under stressful conditions has also been reported. The information can help to better understand the importance and mechanism of Si in plants and its application in agriculture

Angiomyofibroblastoma: a very rare tumour of vulva

Angiomyofibroblastoma is a rare benign mesenchymal tumor of vulva. Patient had history of gradually increased mass over 6 years of duration. It was painless, fibro-cystic mass of 6.8×4.6×2.5 cm hanging over right side labia majora without any menstrual or coitus difficulty. Cosmetic and risk of malignancy were the main issues. After complete examination and investigations simple excision done. Histological examination revealed mass composed of numerous capillaries and some ectatic blood vessels embedded within the hyalinised matrix. No lipomatous component was found within the tumour. Nuclear atypism and pleomorphism were absent and mitotic figures were not detected. All these were suggestive of benign mesenchymal tumor, angiomyofibroblastoma

Correlation of non-stress test with fetal outcome in term of Apgar score- a prospective observation study

Background: Non-stress test (NST) is a graphical recording of changes in fetal heart activity and uterine contraction along with fetal movement when uterus is quiescent. The objectives of antepartum fetal surveillance are to prevent fetal death and avoidance of unnecessary intervention. This study using NST as a tool for routine antepartum fetal surveillance was trying to catch up those fetuses who might be at risk in womb and provide prompt intervention in otherwise considered normal pregnancies without any obvious high risk factor thus giving the best outcome in mothers.Methods: The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation of the non-stress test with fetal outcome in pregnancies from 37-42 weeks of gestation.  This was a prospective observational study at Pannadhaya Rajkiya Mahila Chikitsalya Udaipur (Rajasthan) from February 2022 to July 2022. This study included 100 normal pregnant mothers from 37 weeks to 42 weeks who were subjected to NST.Results: The parameters of poor fetal outcome like Apgar score <7 at 5 minutes had increased incidences in the non reactive group.Conclusions: NST tells about acute fetal hypoxia and decision to delivery time can be made for those patients with fetal distress so that a major improvement in the outcome among parturient can be achieved with abnormal NST results. So This study suggested that the NST was found to be a good predictor of the healthy foetus even in normal pregnancies between 37-42 weeks of gestation and the probability of an adverse outcome such as poor Apgar score increases with a non reactive strip

A rare case of genital myiasis in genital prolapse

Genital myiasis is an infestation by fly larvae in genital organs, where they feed and develop as parasites. They can cause severe infection, inflammatory reaction and can be linked to psychiatric disturbances. Commonly cutaneous, ophthalmic, auricular and nasopharyngeal myiasis are seen, with genital myiasis being a rare condition. We reported a case of an 82-year-old postmenopausal female who presented with the complaint of intense pain in genital region. After clinical evaluation she was clinically diagnosed as a case of genital myiasis of prolapsed uterus. Myiasis of the genital organ is a rare clinical entity. Good personal hygiene and proper sanitary conditions are very crucial for prevention of myiasis

A rare case of giant condyloma acuminata during pregnancy

Genital warts (Condyloma acuminata) are a benign lesion caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) type-6 or type-11 and are usually transmitted sexually. During pregnancy, condyloma has a tendency to proliferate and may have recurrence. We have a case of G2P1L1 38 weeks previously normal vaginal delivered patient in our hospital with extensive genital warts. Patient was successfully managed by surgical excision and after that in follow up after 2 months for podophyllin resin application on remaining lesions. HPV infection presentation can range from asymptomatic to cervical cancer. Small genital wart lesion may become extensive and cumbersome during pregnancy and again regress after delivery in due course of time. HPV vaccination, sex education and early treatment of condyloma lesions should prevent and, in any case, improve the prognosis of this disease