Informal Market in Urban Setting in India: A Sociological Review

The formal and the informal market are two significant parts of the economy in India. However, the portion of the informal sector is more when contrasted with the formal one. The informal share of market, which eventually bolsters the conventional economy, is expanding step by step. These informal Markets give a special topic of sociological examination with regards to the informal economy. This paper intends to sociologically contextualize street vendors and weekly markets in the triangle shaped by the urban space, informal economy and state, and see how informal ness is conjured in formal metropolitan circle. This examination through different past investigations attempted to comprehend vendors profile of these market and their conduct with shoppers and among themselves. This paper investigates the profile of consumer and their conduct in urban weekly market. The conduct that the consumers show in looking for, buying, utilizing, assessing and discarding items and services that they expect will fulfil their necessities. Consumer behaviour is impacted by different components like individual, ecological and dynamic. This examination utilizes distinctive other recently distributed attempts to comprehend the idea of weekly market. Further this article also brings into light various problems faced by these informal markets and also talks about policies and legislation brought by government for their betterment

Investigating star formation activity in the Sh 2-61 H II region

Using the multiwavelength data sets, we studied the star formation activity in H II region Sh 2-61 (hereafter S61). We identified a clustering in the region and estimated the membership using the Gaia proper motion data. The physical environment of S61 is inspected using infrared to radio wavelength images. We also determined the Lyman continuum flux associated with the H II region and found that the H II region is formed by at least two massive stars (S1 and S2). We also analyzed the 12CO (J =3-2) JCMT data of S61, and a shell structure accompanying three molecular clumps are observed towards S61. We found that the ionized gas in S61 is surrounded by dust and a molecular shell. Many young stellar objects and three molecular clumps are observed at the interface of the ionized gas and the surrounding gas. The pressure at the interface is higher than in a typical cool molecular cloud.Comment: Paper is accepted for the publication in the Journal of Astrophysics and Astronom

Pervasiveness of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in tribal/rural population of India: a review

Diseases classified as non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are those that are often caused by unhealthy behaviors rather than by infection or by contact with others. One of the main NCDs causing many fatalities is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Recent research has shown that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (Mets) associated CVDs among tribal populations is increasing in rapid pace. In this review, we have included studies investigating the components of Mets and the relationships between Mets and CVDs. From the assessment of studies, we may predict a significant association between Mets and CVDs as a whole. Our evaluation of these studies revealed that carrying at least three Mets risk components, like hyperglycemia, obesity, dyslipidemia, and high blood pressure, significantly enhances the risk of CVDs. Undernutrition, smoking, and a low intake of fruits and vegetables in the Indian tribal population are the main risk factors for managing Mets associated CVDs. Furthermore, various studies have also shown that Mets may be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Finally, healthy habits such as a balanced diet and frequent exercise should be introduced from a young age in individuals, to prevent Mets progression. In order to combat the Mets associated CVDs, functionally upgraded primary health centers and special IECs (Information, education and communication) programs may play a beneficial role. Furthermore, strengthening public healthcare systems and focusing on prevention, early identification, and treatment using medical and social interventions can be of immense help in managing the metabolic risk factors that can lead to CVDs

Bibliometric Survey on Effect of Socio-Economic Factors on Spread of Corona virus (COVID-19)

The Novel Coronavirus disease has been rapidly spreading all around the globe, from the time when it was first reported in the Wuhan city of China. The primary focus of this bibliometric survey is to distinguish the documents which have hypothesized and expanded on the effects of various socio-economic factors when it comes to the spread of the Coronavirus. This survey does the evaluation on the 480 documents found. The United Kingdom of the Great Britain and United States have contributed the largest number of publications in this field of research followed closely by India and Italy. The survey includes analysis based on geographical regional, analysis of network, analysis on the basis of type of publication, dialect in which the document is written in. We have also considered the universities, institutes and authors that have contributed in this research area. This bibliometric survey concludes that the highest number publications of “Socio-Economic factors affecting the spread of COVID-19” are from articles, review papers associated with agriculture and biological sciences. The documents that were analyzed are considered from the time period of 2020 to 2021

Structural Analysis of Open Cluster Bochum 2

We present the results from our deep optical photometric observations of Bochum 2 (Boc2) star cluster obtained using the $1.3$m Devasthal Fast Optical Telescope along with archival photometric data from Pan-STARRS2/2MASS/UKIDSS surveys. We also used high-quality parallax and proper motion data from the $Gaia$ Data Release 3. We found that the Boc2 cluster has a small size ($\sim$1.1 pc) and circular morphology. Using $Gaia$ parallax of member stars and isochrone fitting method, the distance of this cluster is estimated as $3.8\pm0.4$ kpc. We have found that this cluster holds young ($\sim5$ Myr) and massive (O$7-$O$9$) stars as well as an older population of low mass stars. We found that the massive stars have formed in the inner region of the Boc2 cluster in a recent epoch of star formation. We have derived mass function slope ($\Gamma$) in the cluster region as $-2.42\pm0.13$ in the mass range $\sim0.72<$M/M$_{\odot}<2.8$. The tidal radius of the Boc2 cluster ($\sim7-9$) is much more than its observed radius ($\sim1.1$ pc). This suggests that most of the low-mass stars in this cluster are the remains of an older population of stars formed via an earlier epoch of star formation.Comment: accepted for publication in Journal of Astrophysics and Astronom

Dissecting the morphology of star forming complex S193

We have studied a star-forming complex S193 using near-infrared (NIR) observations and other archival data covering optical to radio wavelengths. We identified stellar clusters in the complex using the NIR photometric data and estimated the membership and distance of the clusters. Using the mid-infrared (MIR) and far-infrared (FIR) images, the distribution of the dust emission around H\,{\sc ii} regions is traced in the complex. The $Herschel$ column density and temperature maps analysis reveal 16 cold dust clumps in the complex. The H$\alpha$ image and 1.4 GHz radio continuum emission map are employed to study the ionised gas distribution and infer the spectral type and the dynamical age of each H\,{\sc ii} region/ionised clump in the complex. The $^{12}$CO(J =3$-$2) and $^{13}$CO(J =1$-$0) molecular line data hint at the presence of two velocity components around [-43,-46] and [-47,-50] km/s, and their spatial distribution reveals two overlapping zones toward the complex. By investigating the immediate surroundings of the central cluster [BDS2003]57 and the pressure calculations, we suggest that the feedback from the massive stars seems responsible for the observed velocity gradient and might have triggered the formation of the central cluster [BDS2003]57.}Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS, 20 pages, 15 figure

Optical spectroscopy of Gaia detected protostars with DOT: can we probe protostellar photospheres?

Optical spectroscopy offers the most direct view of the stellar properties and the accretion indicators. Standard accretion tracers, such as $H\beta$, $H\alpha$, and, Ca II triplet lines, and most photospheric features, fall in the optical wavelengths. However, these tracers are not readily observable from deeply embedded protostars because of the large line of sight extinction (Av $\sim$ 50-100 mag) toward them. In some cases, however, it is possible to observe protostars at optical wavelengths if the outflow cavity is aligned along the line-of-sight that allows observations of the photosphere, or the envelope is very tenuous and thin such that the extinction is low. In such cases, we can not only detect these protostars at optical wavelengths but also follow up spectroscopically. We have used the HOPS catalog (Furlan et al. 2016) of protostars in Orion to search for optical counterparts for protostars in the Gaia DR3 survey. Out of the 330 protostars in the HOPS sample, an optical counterpart within 2" is detected for 62 of the protostars. For 17 out of 62 optically detected protostars, we obtained optical spectra { (between 5500 to 8900 $\AA$) using the Aries-Devasthal Faint Object Spectrograph \& Camera (ADFOSC) on the 3.6-m Devasthal Optical Telescope (DOT) and Hanle Faint Object Spectrograph Camera (HFOSC) on 2-m Himalayan Chandra Telescope (HCT)}. We detect strong photospheric features, such as the TiO bands in the spectra {(of 4 protostars)}, hinting that photospheres can form early on in the star formation process. We further determined the spectral types of protostars, which show photospheres similar to a late M-type. Mass accretion rates derived for the protostars are similar to those found for T-Tauri stars, in the range of 10$^{-7}$ to 10$^{-8}$ $M_\odot$/yr.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures accepted in Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy as part of the "Star formation studies in the context of NIR instruments on 3.6m DOT" special issu

Post-outburst evolution of bonafide FUor V2493 Cyg: A Spectro-photometric monitoring

We present here the results of eight years of our near-simultaneous optical/near-infrared spectro-photometric monitoring of bonafide FUor candidate `V2493 Cyg' starting from 2013 September to 2021 June. During our optical monitoring period (between October 16, 2015 and December 30, 2019), the V2493 Cyg is slowly dimming with an average dimming rate of $\sim$26.6 $\pm$ 5.6 mmag/yr in V band. Our optical photometric colors show a significant reddening of the source post the second outburst pointing towards a gradual expansion of the emitting region post the second outburst. The mid infra-red colors, on the contrary, exhibits a blueing trend which can be attributed to the brightening of the disc due to the outburst. Our spectroscopic monitoring shows a dramatic variation of the H$\alpha$ line as it transitioned from absorption feature to the emission feature and back. Such transition can possibly be explained by the variation in the wind structure in combination with accretion. Combining our time evolution spectra of the Ca II infra-red triplet lines with the previously published spectra of V2493 Cyg, we find that the accretion region has stabilised compared to the early days of the outburst. The evolution of the O I $\lambda$7773 \AA~ line also points towards the stabilization of the circumstellar disc post the second outburst.Comment: 34 pages, 12 figures, 6 tables, accepted for publication in Ap

Design of ANC filter using modified cuckoo search technique for ECG signal enhancement

In this work, the design of an adaptive noise canceller (ANC) filter is presented using modified cuckoo search (MCS) optimization technique. The proposed scheme is applied for de-noising of ECG signals. Our simulation results reveal that the ANC filter based on MCS algorithm provides superior performance than other optimization techniques used to enhance the ECG signal. The performance of ANC filter is compared with other reported algorithms by evaluating the fidelity parameters such as the signal to noise ratio (SNR), maximum error (ME) and mean square error (MSE). The proposed ANC filter design with MCS scheme gives 18% improvement in output SNR, 87% decrease in ME, and 85% reduction in MSE over the recently reported Hilbert Huang Transform (HHT) technique