Epigenetic and Transcriptional Mechanisms of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 Persistence in T-lymphoid and Myeloid Reservoirs

HIV-1 infections can be treated but not cured by the current antiretroviral therapy regimens. One of the major barriers to HIV-1 eradication is the persistence of the virus in treated HIV+ individuals under the form of reservoirs. A continuum of molecular mechanisms, at the epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels maintains HIV-1 gene expression silent in its reservoirs. A better understanding of HIV-1 molecular mechanisms of persistence thus allows to devise novel therapeutic approaches to eradicate the virus. In this context, our thesis aimed at characterizing the molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence in its T-lymphoid and myeloid reservoirs. More specifically, we have studied the epigenetic and transcriptional mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence at three different levels. First, we have investigated the DNA methylation-mediated mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity of the DNA methylation inhibitor 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine potency in the reactivation of HIV-1 gene expression from latently-infected CD4+ T cells. Second, we have studied the contribution of the intragenic binding sites for the cellular PU.1 transcription factor in the specific regulation of HIV-1 gene expression in myeloid lineages. Finally, in a third study, we have designed a new tool to study the transcriptional landscape of HIV-1 in LTRs-suppressed proviruses. Collectively, our work has offered individual insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the heterogeneity of HIV-1 T-lymphoid and myeloid reservoirs, with the ultimate goal of developing new HIV-1 curative strategies and improving the quality of life of HIV+ individuals.Doctorat en Sciencesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Metabolo-epigenetics: the interplay of metabolism and epigenetics during early germ cells development

Metabolites control epigenetic mechanisms, and conversly, cell metabolism is regulated at the epigenetic level in response to changes in the cellular environment. In recent years, this metabolo-epigenetic control of gene expression has been implicated in the regulation of multiple stages of embryonic development. The developmental potency of stem cells and their embryonic counterparts is directly determined by metabolic rewiring. Here, we review the current knowledge on the interplay between epigenetics and metabolism in the specific context of early germ cell development. We explore the implications of metabolic rewiring in primordial germ cells in light of their epigenetic remodeling during cell fate determination. Finally, we discuss the relevance of concerted metabolic and epigenetic regulation of primordial germ cells in the context of mammalian transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Metabolo-epigenetics: the interplay of metabolism and epigenetics during early germ cells development

Metabolites control epigenetic mechanisms, and conversly, cell metabolism is regulated at the epigenetic level in response to changes in the cellular environment. In recent years, this metabolo-epigenetic control of gene expression has been implicated in the regulation of multiple stages of embryonic development. The developmental potency of stem cells and their embryonic counterparts is directly determined by metabolic rewiring. Here, we review the current knowledge on the interplay between epigenetics and metabolism in the specific context of early germ cell development. We explore the implications of metabolic rewiring in primordial germ cells in light of their epigenetic remodeling during cell fate determination. Finally, we discuss the relevance of concerted metabolic and epigenetic regulation of primordial germ cells in the context of mammalian transgenerational epigenetic inheritance

Epigenetic mechanisms of hiv-1 persistence

Eradicating HIV-1 in infected individuals will not be possible without addressing the persistence of the virus in its multiple reservoirs. In this context, the molecular characterization of HIV-1 persistence is key for the development of rationalized therapeutic interventions. HIV-1 gene expression relies on the redundant and cooperative recruitment of cellular epigenetic machineries to cis-regulatory proviral regions. Furthermore, the complex repertoire of HIV-1 repression mechanisms varies depending on the nature of the viral reservoir, although, so far, few studies have addressed the specific regulatory mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence in other reservoirs than the well-studied latently infected CD4+ T cells. Here, we present an exhaustive and updated picture of the heterochromatinization of the HIV-1 promoter in its different reservoirs. We highlight the complexity, heterogeneity and dynamics of the epigenetic mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence, while discussing the importance of further understanding HIV-1 gene regulation for the rational design of novel HIV-1 cure strategies.SCOPUS: re.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 tools in deciphering the mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence.

HIV-1 infection can be controlled but not cured by combination antiretroviral therapy. Indeed, the virus persists in treated individuals in viral reservoirs, the best described of which consisting in latently infected central memory CD4+ T cells. However, other cell types in other body compartments than in the peripheral blood contribute to HIV-1 persistence. Addressing the molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence and their cell-specific and tissue-specific variations is thus crucial to develop HIV-1 curative strategies. CRISPR/Cas9 editing technologies have revolutionized genetic engineering by their high specificity and their versatility. Multiple applications now allow to investigate the molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence. Here, we review recent advances in CRISPR-based technologies in deciphering HIV-1 gene expression regulation during persistence.SCOPUS: re.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Epigenetic crosstalk in chronic infection with HIV-1.

Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) replicates through the integration of its viral DNA into the genome of human immune target cells. Chronically infected individuals thus carry a genomic burden of virus-derived sequences that persists through antiretroviral therapy. This burden consists of a small fraction of intact, but transcriptionally silenced, i.e. latent, viral genomes and a dominant fraction of defective sequences. Remarkably, all viral-derived sequences are subject to interaction with host cellular physiology at various levels. In this review, we focus on epigenetic aspects of this interaction. We provide a comprehensive overview of how epigenetic mechanisms contribute to establishment and maintenance of HIV-1 gene repression during latency. We furthermore summarize findings indicating that HIV-1 infection leads to changes in the epigenome of target and bystander immune cells. Finally, we discuss how an improved understanding of epigenetic features and mechanisms involved in HIV-1 infection could be exploited for clinical use.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Implication of DNA methylation in HIV-1 post-integration latency

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe