Participatory Approach to Indonesian Rural Development in the Era of Reformation

The approach used by the government for developing society both rural and urban for the last 30 years has been the mobilization approach with top-down communication patterns. This approach does not give a space to the people to participate in the development process. When people become critical and aware of their own rights, a democratic participation approach to the development is needed. Such an approach, called the participatory development approach, is assumed to be able to give a space to the people to participate and to decide what are the best for themselves. The implementation of this approach in Indonesia is appropriate due to the reason that such an approach is in accordance with the principle of social justice

A note on power values of derivation in prime and semiprime rings

Let R be a ring with derivation d, such that (d(xy))^n =(d(x))^n(d(y))^n for all x,y in R and n>1 is a fixed integer. In this paper, we show that if R is a prime, then d = 0 or R is a commutative. If R is a semiprime, then d maps R in to its center. Moreover, in semiprime case let A = O(R) be the orthogonal completion of R and B = B(C) be the Boolian ring of C, where C is the extended centroid of R, then there exists an idempotent e in B such that eA is commutative ring and d induce a zero derivation on (1-e)A.Comment: 8 page

Generalized derivations with central values on lie ideals LIE IDEALS

Let R be a prime ring of H a generalized derivation and L a noncentral lie ideal of R. We show that if l^sH(l)l^t in Z(R) for all lin2 L, where s, t> 0 are fixed integers, then H(x) = bx for some b in C, the extended centroid of R, or R satisfies S4. Moreover, let R be a 2-torsion free semiprime ring, let A = O(R) be an orthogonal completion of R and B = B(C) the Boolean ring of C. Suppose ([x1; x2]sH([x1; x2])[x1; x2]t in Z(R) for all x1; x2 in R, where s, t> 0 are fixed integers. Then there exists idempotent e in B such that H(x) = bx on eA and the ring (1-e)A satisfies S4.Comment: 6 page

Linear and nonlinear monetary approaches to the exchange rate of the Philippines peso-Japanese yen

This study provides evidence of nonlinear long-run relationship between peso-yen exchange rate and its monetary determinants implied by the reduced-form flexible-price monetary model for the Philippines, using Breitung`s (2001) nonlinear cointegration testing procedures. The existence of such relationship is probably resulted from the strong and consistent bilateral trade relationship between the Philippines and Japan. Results from various monetary restrictions tests suggest that other forms of the related monetary model are not suitable in the determination of the peso-yen exchange rate.monetary model,exchange rate,Philippines,cointegration, nonlinear, nonparametric,peso

Which Lag Length Selection Criteria Should We Employ?

Estimating the lag length of autoregressive process for a time series is a crucial econometric exercise in most economic studies. This study attempts to provide helpfully guidelines regarding the use of lag length selection criteria in determining the autoregressive lag length. The most interesting finding of this study is that Akaike's information criterion (AIC) and final prediction error (FPE) are superior than the other criteria under study in the case of small sample (60 observations and below), in the manners that they minimize the chance of under estimation while maximizing the chance of recovering the true lag length. One immediate econometric implication of this study is that as most economic sample data can seldom be considered “large†in size, AIC and FPE are recommended for the estimation the autoregressive lag length.