A Methodological Approach to Assess Alveolar Ridge Preservation Procedures

AIMS : Multiple surgical protocols using biomaterials have been proposed to limit the typical post-extraction bone resorption. However, because of the heterogeneity of the studies, particularly the differences in assessment methods, it is difficult to determine the superiority of one technique over another. The objective of this study was to describe a new radiographic method to draw a map of alveolar bone remodelling after alveolar ridge preservation procedures to compare different surgical techniques more accurately. The newly developed measuring method was applied to a case series describing a specific preservation technique. MATERIALS AND METHODS : Five extraction sites (in 3 patients) located in the upper anterior maxilla were treated with osseograft and rubber dam as a non-resorbable membrane. A radiographic three-dimensional assessment of the hard tissues was performed at baseline and 3 months after the procedure. Standardized horizontal measurements were taken at three corono-apical levels (2, 5 and 8 mm) and at three mesio-distal levels (mesial, centre and distal) in the buccal and palatal aspects. Vertical measurements were also recorded in nine regions superior to the alveolar crest. The measurements were performed by two independent observers and intra- and inter-observer effects were evaluated. RESULTS : No inter- and intra-observer effects were found when analysing the measurements from these two observers. The horizontal dimension of the crest decreased by 2.09mm (24.60%) in the cervical regions (2mm level), decreased moderately, by 1.25mm (26.10%), at the 5 mm level and decreased very little, 0.964mm (36.10%), at the apical (8 mm) level. The losses were always significantly higher in the buccal than in the palatal aspect. Vertical bone resorption was homogeneous in the nine measured regions. CONCLUSION : The radiographic measuring methodology proved to be reproducible. It can be applied in other clinical settings. It successfully assessed the alveolar ridge preservation technique (Osseograft and Rubberdam). It was observed that the remodelling of the alveolar process was not uniform after the socket preservation, and a complete inhibition of the bone remodelling was not achieved during alveolar socket preservation procedures

PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF PUNICA GRANATUM L. LEAF EXTRACT

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the phytochemical constituents in Punica granatum L. Leaf extracts (PGLE) using standard methods.Methods: The leaf powder was extracted using solvents namely aqueous, hydroalcohol, ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane. Qualitative and Quantitative phytochemical screenings of PGLE were assessed by standard methods.Results: All the leaf extracts were positive for a wide range of bio-active compounds except n-hexane. The result has showed that the maximum amount of total phenols (394.16 mg/g DW of extract), total tannins (210.5 mg/g DW of extract), flavanoids (147.4 mg/g DW of extract) and total triterpenoids (112 mg/g DW of extract) were noted in ethanolic extract of P. granatum leaf (EPGL). The biological assay revealed that relevant amount of carbohydrate, protein, lipid and alkaloid in EPGL.Conclusion: The findings of this study concluded that the EPGL had potential bioactive substances that may be used as pharmaceutical ingredients for formulation of new or prospective potent drug to cure wide range of metabolic diseases

A Cross Sectional study on Diastolic Function and Factors Influencing Diastolic Function in Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Normal Systolic Function

INTRODUCTION: The disease burden of diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide at a tremendous rate. Many studies have reported the occurrence of heart failure in diabetic patients is high even in the absence of coronary artery disease and hypertension. There is high prevalence of pre-clinical diastolic dysfunction as per the studies. Evidence suggests that diastolic dysfunction precedes systolic dysfunction in diabetic patients. So far only few population based studies have been conducted in India to demonstrate diastolic dysfunction in diabetic patients. AIMS &OBJECTIVES: 1. To determine the prevalance of LV diastolic dysfunction in asymptomatic type 2 DM patient. 2. To quantify the relation of LV diastolic dysfunction with Age, Sex, Duration of DM, Control of Diabetes, Smoking, Lipid profile, Obesity indices. Study Group: Subjects with Diabetes mellitus for more than five years attending medicine and diabetology out patient departments. Study Setting: Hospital based. Study Period: One year. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Study Population: Rural and suburban population in and around Chengalpattu. Study Place: Department of General Medicine, Chengalpattu Medical College, Chengalpattu. Ethical Clearance: Ethical committee clearance obtained. Financial Support: Self. Inclusion Criteria: 1. All Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients of age 40 to 80 years. 2. Duration more than five years. 3. Normal left ventricular systolic function. Exclusion Criteria: 1. Subjects with history of angina, chest pain, Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes and abnormal Treadmill test (TMT) results. 2. Subjects with evidence of valvular disease. 3. Hypertensive. 4. Subjects with poor transthoracic ECHO window. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From all patients included in the study a detailed medical history is to be obtained using the questionnaire. The patients were then subjected to physical examination which includes general examination, system wise examination and anthropometric evaluation including weight in kilogram, height in meter. Electrocardiogram was done in all subjects. Biochemical investigations includes collection of venous blood sample after a 12 hour fast and sending it to the biochemical laboratory for estimation of plasma glucose level, total serum cholesterol (TC), High –density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) and serum triglyceride levels (TG). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics to be done for all data and suitable statistical tests of comparison to be done. Continuous variables to be analysed with the unpaired t-test and categorical variables to be analysed with the Chi-Square Test with Yates correction. Statistical significance is taken as P < 0.05. RESULTS: In the present study, seven parameters namely age, sex, glycaemic control, duration of diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia and smoking studied for correlation.among these five parameters namely age, glycaemic control, duration of diabetes, obesity and dyslipidemia were found to have positive correlation with prevalence of diastolic dysfunction in diabetic patients that is the prevalence of diastolic dysfunction increased with increase in age, poor glycaemic control, increasing duration of diabetes, presence of dyslipidemia and obesity. Gender and smoking habit were not found to have significant correlation with prevalence of diastolic dysfunction in diabetic patients in the present study. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of diastolic dysfunction in asymptomatic type 2 DM patients is high and found to be 72 % in the present study. The occurrence of diastolic dysfunction seems to preceed the occurrence of systolic dysfunction in diabetes patients.There is a significant correlation between duration of diabetes, glycaemic control, age, obesity, dyslipidemia and diastolic dysfunction among the seven parameters considered in the present study. Persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus should be screened with echocardiography for subclinical diastolic dysfunction. Early diagnosis and initiation of appropriate treatment for diastolic dysfunction would slow down the progression to diastolic heart failure and cause significant reduction in the morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes

A Study on the association between plasma glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and macro metals Calcium and Magnesium in Diabetes Mellitus

&nbsp; Abstract &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; To find out the association between Fasting plasma glucose, glycosylated Hemoglobin to macro metals calcium and magnesium in a randomly selected 50 patients ( both diabetic and non diabetic) attending the MHC. Comparison of both men and women (men= 26, women=24) in the age group of 23 to 72 years were enrolled, Fasting plasma glucose, glycoHb, calcium and magnesium were measured using the fasting blood samples.&nbsp; The parameters were then subjected to statistical analysis to find out the relation between any two analytes.&nbsp; Results of paired t tests with a p of &lt;0.01 was considered significant and p&lt;0.001 were considered highly significant to conclude an association between the analytes studied. This study has proved beyond doubt that calcium and magnesium are indeed involved in diabetes mellitus both in its regulation and glucose metabolism. As the study was carried out during a short period of 1 Month, we were unable to indicate control subjects but purely worked out to find the association between FPG, Glycosylated hemoglobin, calcium and magnesium. The study recommends that along with glucose and Glycosylated hemoglobin, calcium and magnesium assays too should be carried out as additional parameters in the evolution of diabetes mellitus.Based on this study we strongly recommend that further research should be carried out to establish the role of calcium and magnesium especially red cell calcium and magnesium and diabetes mellitus

DEVELOPMENT OF STABILITY INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF AMBROXOL HYDROCHLORIDE AND LEVOCETIRIZINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE

A simple, precise and accurate method has been developed for simultaneous estimation of Ambroxol hydrochloride and Levocetirizine dihydrochloride. The proposed RP-HPLC method utilises Enable C18 G column (250 x 4.6mm, 5m), mobile phase consisting of Phosphate buffer pH 3.0: Methanol in the ratio of 20:80 (v/v) and UV detection at 236nm using a photodiode array detector. ambroxol hydrochloride and levocetirizine dihydrochloride were exposed to acidic, alkali, oxidative, thermal and photolytic stress conditions and the stressed samples were analysed by the proposed method. Peak homogeneity data of ambroxol hydrochloride and levocetirizine dihydrochloride in the stressed samples demonstrated the specificity of the method for their estimation in presence of degradants. The described method was linear over a range of 15 45 g/mL for ambroxol hydrochloride and 1 3 g/mL for levocetirizine dihydrochloride respectively. The method validation data showed excellent results for accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness. The present method can be successfully used for routine quality control and stability studies

Mechanisms and Action of Drug Resistance on <em>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em>

Tuberculosis (TB) remains the most challenging infection to treat worldwide. The contemporary TB regimens consist of 6–9 months of daily doses of four drugs in the existing regimen that is extremely toxic to patients. The purpose of these longer treatments is to eliminate Mycobacterium tuberculosis, notorious for its ability to resist most antimycobacterial drugs, thereby preventing the formation of drug-resistant clinical strains. On the contrary, prolonged therapies have led to impoverished patient adherence. Furthermore, the severe limitations of drug choices have resulted in the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Unfortunately, the lack of great lethargy toward developing effective antituberculosis regimens with a large-scale prevalence rate is a tremendous challenge to controlling the pandemic. In fact, the current improvement in genomic studies for early diagnosis and understanding of drug resistance mechanisms, and the identification of newer drug targets, is remarkable and promising. Identifying genetic factors, chromosomal mutations, and associated pathways give new hope to current antituberculosis drug discovery. This focused review renders insights into understanding molecular mechanisms underlying the profound drug resistance. This knowledge is essential for developing effective, potent antibiotics against drug-resistant strains and helps shorten the current treatment courses required for drug-susceptible tuberculosis

Proceedings of the 24th Paediatric Rheumatology European Society Congress: Part three

From Springer Nature via Jisc Publications Router.Publication status: PublishedHistory: collection 2017-09, epub 2017-09-0

Error Rate and Capacity Analysis for Incremental Hybrid DAF Relaying using Polar Codes

The deployment of an incremental hybrid decode‐amplify and forward relaying scheme is a promising and superior solution for cellular networks to meet ever‐growing network traffic demands. However, the selection of a suitable relaying protocol based on the signal‐to‐noise ratio threshold is important in realizing an improved quality of service. In this paper, an incremental hybrid relaying protocol is proposed using polar codes. The proposed protocol achieves a better performance than existing turbo codes in terms of capacity. Simulation results show that the polar codes through an incremental hybrid decode‐amplify‐and‐forward relay can provide a 38% gain when γth(1) and γth(2) are optimal. Further, the channel capacity is improved to 17.5 b/s/Hz and 23 b/s/Hz for 2 × 2 MIMO and 4 × 4 MIMO systems, respectively. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to achieve the optimal solution