N-[Morpholino(phen­yl)meth­yl]benzamide

The title compound, C18H20N2O2, crystallizes with two mol­ecules in the asymmetric unit. The morpholine rings of both mol­ecules adopt chair conformations. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. One phenyl ring is disordered over two orientations in a 0.665 (5):0.335 (5) ratio

Extraction of pectin from Ethiopian prickly pear fruit peel and its potency for preparing of cellulose-reinforced biofilm

The objective of this research was to extract and characterize the pectin from the fruit peels of Ethiopian prickly pears (EPP) (Opuntia ficus-indica) using microwave assisted method. Solution pH and microwave potential were optimized using different pH values (1, 3, and 4) and power (300, 400, and 500 W), respectively, to extract ameliorated pectin yield. The pectin yield for EPP varied between 2.3 and 10.0 %. At a pH of 1.0 with 400 microwave intensity, the highest yield was seen. The extracted pectin from EPP had a 25.16 % ash content; however, the pectin sample contained less water and weighed less than the control sample. Further, transforming the acquired pectin from EPP was used to prepare biofilm reinforced by cellulose. Film was prepared using the casting method. It was aimed to provide a new function to EPP waste for preparing the biofilms by developing with the use of cellulose-reinforced modification to ameliorate the mechanical property Therefore, with further optimization and improvements, EPP-F could be used for nonstructural applications, such as a sustainable food packaging material

Cobalt (II), nickel (II), copper (II) and zinc (II) complexes of 1-(phenyl(phenylamino) methyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione and 2-((phenylamino)methyl) isoindoline-1,3-dione and their biological activity

<div align="justify">The new Mannich bases 1-(phenyl(phenylamino)methyl)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione (SBA) was synthesized from the condensation of succinimide, benzaldehyde and aniline. 2-((phenylamino)methyl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (PFA) was derived from pthalimide, formaldehyde and aniline. The general formula of the Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II) and Zn (II) chloro complexes, ML2X2 are reported. The ligands and the complexes have been characterized by various physical-chemical techniques such as elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, infrared and electronic spectra. The spectral analysis to ascertain mode of bonding and overall geometry of the complexes revealed octahedral geometries. </div

An Overview of Current and Prognostic Trends on Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications of Biobased Silica

Silica has shown numerous applications in different fields such as environmental, biomedical, agriculture, and even in chemical processing. However, due to high energy-intensive and cost-effective issues, researchers show interest to replace the conventional methods with biobased environmentally-friendly techniques for biosilica production from renewable biomass sources. Generally, silica is found to be available in amorphous and crystalline structures. For commercial purposes, silica is produced from alkyl orthosilicates ore that consists of polyethlydiorthosilicate, tetraethyl ortothosilicate, and tetramethyl orthosilicate. Another form of silica, silica gel, is produced from the selected resources of biomass, such as palm tree, wheat straw, maize leaves, teff straw, sugarcane bagasse, rice husk, rice straw, sugarcane leaf, oat husk, bamboo leaf, and corn cob. The production of biobased silica gel from agricultural residues is found to be a sustainable which receives a significant attention that can be replaced with inorganic-based silica gel for environmental concerns. Based on this context, there is a huge look for developing a process to produce biobased silica and silica gel from biomass resources with low energy utilization as promising alternatives to conventional methods. Keeping in view, current trends and methods for synthesis, the characterization of biobased silica and silica gel, as well as its wide prognostic applications were focused on a comprehensive review

Study on Osmotic Consolidation and Hydraulic Conductivity Behavior of an Expansive Soil Inundated with Sodium Chloride Solution

Canals are a very imperative source of irrigation for the agricultural sector in India. Seepage causes major water loss in canals, and hence, the installation of liners becomes necessary. Compacted clay soils are commonly used as liners in the canals. This structure will most probably be subjected to salinization and desalinization cycles throughout its life. Because of the interaction between the pore liquid and clay particles, physico-chemical influences considerably impact the behavior of clay barriers. In this paper, the effect of interacting fluid on volume change, consolidation parameters, and hydraulic conductivity of compacted clay soil is investigated with the help of a one-dimensional consolidation test. The compacted clay specimens were immersed alternatively with distilled water (DW) and sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions (SW) at constant loading of 10 kPa, which replicates the load conditions in the field canal due to 1 m head of water and incremental loading as per IS 2720 part 15 standards. The experimental results proved that there is a percentage volume change increase of about two times for each stage inundated with 4M NaCl solution than its preceding stages inundated with distilled water at constant loading of 10 kPa. The consolidation rate was accelerated with 4M NaCl solution than the normal consolidation at incremental loading. The permeability coefficient in the salt water-induced sample increased by 217% more than the distilled water-induced sample at incremental loading. Therefore, the soil specimen subjected to alternate salinization and desalinization cycles significantly affects the volumetric and consolidation behavior, leading to decreased life of clay barrier structures

Advanced modeling and optimizing for surface sterilization process of grape vine (Vitis vinifera) root stock 3309C through response surface, artificial neural network, and genetic algorithm techniques

In vitro, sterilization is one of the key components for proceeding with plant tissue cultures. Since the effectiveness of sterilization has a direct impact on the culture's final outcomes, there is a crucial need for optimization of the sterilization process. However, compared with traditional optimizing methods, the use of computational approaches through artificial intelligence-based process modeling and optimization algorithms provides a precise optimal condition for in vitro culturing. This study aimed to optimise in vitro sterilization of grape rootstock 3309C using RSM, ANN, and genetic algorithm (GA) techniques. In this context, two output responses, namely, Clean Culture and Explant Viability, were optimised using the models developed by RSM and ANN, followed by a GA, to obtain a globally optimal solution. The most influential independent factors, such as HgCl2, NaOCl, AgNO3, and immersion time, were considered input variables. The significance of the developed models was investigated with statistical and non-statistical techniques and was optimised to determine the significance of selected inputs. The optimal clean culture of 91%, and the explant viability of 89% can be obtained from 1.62% NaOCl at a 13.96 min immersion time, according to MLP-NSGAII. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the clean culture and explant viability were less sensitive to AgNO3 and more sensitive to immersion time. Results showed that the differences between the GA predicted and validation data were significant after the performance validation of predicted and optimised sterilising agents with immersion time combinations were tested. In general, GA, a potent methodology, may open the door to the development of new computational methods in plant tissue culture

Optimisation of culture conditions for gesho (Rhamnus prinoides.L) callus differentiation using Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm (ANN-GA) Techniques

Abstract Gesho (Rhamnus prinoides) is a medicinal plant with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities commonly used in the ethnomedicinal systems of Africa. Using a three-layer neural network, four culture conditions viz., concentration of agar, duration of light exposure, temperature of culture, and relative humidity were used to calculate the callus differentiation rate of gesho. With the ability to quickly identify optimal solutions using high-speed computers, synthetic neural networks have emerged as a rapid, reliable, and accurate fitting technique. They also have the self-directed learning capability that is essential for accurate prediction. The network's final architecture for four selected variables and its performance has been confirmed with high correlation coefficient (R2, 0.9984) between the predicted and actual outputs and the root-mean-square error of 0.0249, were developed after ten-fold cross validation as the training function. In vitro research had been conducted using the genetic algorithm’s suggestions for the optimal culture conditions. The outcomes demonstrated that the actual gesho differentiation rate was 93.87%, which was just 1.86% lesser than the genetic algorithm's predicted value. The projected induced differentiation rate was 87.62%, the actual value was 84.79%, and the predicted value was 2.83% higher than Response Surface Methods optimisation. The environment for the growth of plant tissue can be accurately and efficiently optimised using a genetic algorithm and an artificial neural network. Further biological investigations will presumably utilise this technology