An algorithm for join/prune mechanisms for improving handoff using mobility prediction in wireless networks

In this paper, we provide a detailed description of an algorithm that implements join and prune mechanisms, which will help to build an optimal multicast tree with QoS requirements during handoff. An analysis is presented to show how mobility prediction can help in the selection of potential access routers (AR) with QoS requirements that affect multicast group size and bandwidth cost in the multicast tree. The proposed technique tries to minimise the number of multicast tree join and prune operations. We have examined the performance of this algorithm using simulations in various environments and obtained good performance results. Our results show that the expected multicast group increases linearly with the increase in the number of selected destination access routers (AR) for multicast during handoff. We observe that the expected number of joins and prunes from the multicast tree increases with group size. Thus, for an increased number of destinations, the estimated cost of the multicast tree in a cellular network also increases

The Karyology of Uraeotyphlus gansi, and Its Implications for the Systematics and Evolution of Uraeotyphlidae (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)

The gross karyotype of the uraeotyphlid caecilian Uraeotyphlus gansi is described as comprising 2n = 42 and fundamental number = 58. These are the first karyotype data for any species of malabaricus-group Uraeotyphlus, and the diploid number is the same as those ichthyophiids thus far studied and differs from the oxyurus-group Uraeotyphlus (2n = 36). These data support the recognition of two species groups within Uraeotyphlus, the monophyly of the oxyurus group, and the understanding that the ancestral diatriatan was more ichthyophiid-than uraeotyphlid-like. Copyright (C) 2010 S. Karger AG, Base

Mobility prediction and multicasting in wireless networks : performance and analysis

Handoff is a call handling mechanism that is invoked when a mobile node moves from one cell to another. Such movement may lead to degradation in performance for wireless networks as a result of packet losses. A promising technique proposed in this thesis is to apply multicasting techniques aided by mobility prediction in order to improve handoff performance. In this thesis, we present a method that uses a Grey model for mobility prediction and a fuzzy logic controller that has been fine-tuned using evolutionary algorithms in order to improve prediction accuracy. We also compare the self-tuning algorithm with two evolutionary algorithms in terms of accuracy and their convergence times. Our proposed method takes into account signal strengths from the base stations and predicts the signal strength of the next candidate base station in order to provide improved handover performance. The primary decision for mobility prediction is the accurate prediction of signal strengths obtained from the base stations and remove any unwanted errors in the prediction using suitable optimisation techniques. Furthermore, the model includes the procedures of fine-tuning the predicted data using fuzzy parameters. We also propose suitable multicasting algorithms to minimise the reservation of overall network resource requirements during handoff with the mobility prediction information. To be able to efficiently solve the problem, the situation is modelled using a multicast tree that is defined to maintain connectivity with the mobile node, whilst ensuring bandwidth guarantees and a minimum hop-count. In this approach, we have tried to solve the problem by balancing two objectives through putting a weight on each of two costs. We provide a detailed description of an algorithm to implement join and prune mechanisms, which will help to build an optimal multicast tree with QoS requirements during handoff as well as incorporating dynamic changes in the positions of mobile nodes. An analysis of how mobility prediction helps in the selection of potential Access Routers (AR) with QoS requirements - which affects the multicast group size and bandwidth cost of the multicast tree -- is presented. The proposed technique tries to minimise the number of multicast tree join and prune operations. Our results show that the expected size of the multicast group increases linearly with an increase in the number of selected destination AR's for multicast during handoff. We observe that the expected number of joins and prunes from the multicast tree increases with group size. A special simulation model was developed to demonstrate both homogeneous and heterogeneous handoff which is an emerging requirement for fourth generation mobile networks. The model incorporates our mobility prediction model for heterogeneous handoff between the Wireless LAN and a cellular network. The results presented in this thesis for mobility prediction, multicasting techniques and heterogeneous handoff include proposed algorithms and models which aid in the understanding, analysing and reducing of overheads during handoff

Studies on chromosomal characteristics of Ctenus indicus (Gravely 1931) (Araneae: Ctenidae)

The karyological information gathered for the Indian spiders taxa thus far were cytologically derived from only few species but none for the representatives belonging to the genus Ctenus. Ctenus indicus (Gravely 1931), an Indian ctenid spider was cytogenetically analyzed following conventional, C- and NOR-banding techniques so as to gather substantial data for future course of understanding of karyotypic evolution among spider species. The karyotypic data for Ctenus indicus revealed the complement consisting of (2n = 28) 26AA + X1X2� and (2n = 30) 26AA + X1X1X2X2� acrocentric chromosomes. A closer scrutiny of meiotic progression disclosed many male pachytenic cells displaying the occurrence of �bouquet� formation. The results of C-banding enabled in identifying centromeric constitutive heterochromatin locales, and in some chromosomes also the distal ends of telomeric regions. Silver nitrate stained NOR-specifications were noticed at the distal telomeric regions of two pairs of chromosomes (#8 and #10) in the complement. Cytological evidence procured from the present study not only adds to the ever-growing list of the spider cytogenetic assessments but also offers as a baseline data towards establishing evolutionary relationships within this important group. © 2016, Archana Sharma Foundation of Calcutta

Source of Previous Treatment for Re-Treatment TB Cases Registered under the National TB Control Programme, India, 2010

BACKGROUND: In 2009, nearly half (289,756) of global re-treatment TB notifications are from India; no nationally-representative data on the source of previous treatment was available to inform strategies for improvement of initial TB treatment outcome. OBJECTIVES: To assess the source of previous treatment for re-treatment TB patients registered under India's Revised National TB control Programme (RNTCP). METHODOLOGY: A nationally-representative cross sectional study was conducted in a sample of 36 randomly-selected districts. All consecutively registered retreatment TB patients during a defined 15-day period in these 36 districts were contacted and the information on the source of previous treatment sought. RESULTS: Data was collected from all 1712 retreatment TB patients registered in the identified districts during the study period. The data includes information on 595 'relapse' cases, 105 'failure' cases, 437 'treatment after default (TAD)' cases and 575 're-treatment others' cases. The source of most recent previous anti-tuberculosis therapy for 754 [44% (95% CI, 38.2%-49.9%)] of the re-treatment TB patients was from providers outside the TB control programme. A higher proportion of patients registered as TAD (64%) and 'retreatment others' (59%) were likely to be treated outside the National Programme, when compared to the proportion among 'relapse' (22%) or 'failure' (6%). Extrapolated to national registration, of the 292,972 re-treatment registrations in 2010, 128,907 patients would have been most recently treated outside the national programme. CONCLUSIONS: Nearly half of the re-treatment cases registered with the national programme were most recently treated outside the programme setting. Enhanced efforts towards extending treatment support and supervision to patients treated by private sector treatment providers are urgently required to improve the quality of treatment and reduce the numbers of patients with recurrent disease. In addition, reasons for the large number of recurrent TB cases from those already treated by the national programme require urgent detailed investigation

Operational Research for improving care of HIV-infected TB patients in India

Contains fulltext : 200696.pdf (publisher's version ) (Open Access)Radboud University, 25 februari 2019Promotores : Dekhuijzen, P.N.R., Harries, A.D. Co-promotores : Boeree, M.J., Zachariah, R

Karyology of three species of Indian Caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona)

Three species of Caecilians, namely I. beddomei, I. ssp. and I. malabarensis were collected from different places of Karnataka and Kerala. Mitotic and meiotic chromosomes were prepared from liver and testis respectively. The karyotypes of 3 species i.e. I. beddomei (2n=42), I. ssp. (2n = 42) and I. malabarensis (2n = 36) are prepared and compared. A probable role of chromosomal rearrangements involved in the evolution of karyotypes of these 3 species is surmised in this paper

Chromosomal characteristics of an Indian tanyponid midge, Anatopynia spp. (Tanypodinae Chironomidae)

The present report describes briefly the mitotic, polyneme and polytene chromosomal karyotype (2n=10) of the newly identified Indian specimen, Anatopynia spp. Based on our observations, cytogenetic implications involved were surmised with respect to the short and stumpy fifth element in the polytene complement