Neke kemijske vrijednosti u serumu jelena lopatara (Dama dama L.) iz lovišta u Sloveniji.

Some serum constituents of shot fallow deer (n = 52) in Slovenia have been studied and the means of various biochemical parameters have been determined for sex and age groups and the place where blood has been taken. The samples were taken from two hunting enclosures in Upper Carniola (Gorenjska) and Lower Carniola (Dolenjska) during the 2000/01 winter season. Recorded mean values were: aspartate aminotransferase (145.6 ± 73,5 U/L), alanine aminotransferase (49.4 ± 13.5 U/L), lactate dehydrogenase (1155 ± 535 U/L), gamma glutamyltransferase (38.7 ± 19.9 U/L), urea (6.23 ± 2.39 mmol/L), creatinine (150.9 ± 36.5 μmol/L), total proteins (60.9 ± 7.7 g/L), albumin (38.3 ± 8.6 g/L) and glucose (5.1 ± 3.9 mmol/L). Only minor significant differences in biochemical parameters were found between groups.Istraživani su određeni sastojci seruma odstrjeljenog jelena lopatara (n=52). Utvrđene su prosječne vrijednosti za spol i starost životinja te razlitičo mjesto uzimanja krvi. Tijekom zime 2000./01. godine uzeta je krv iz lovišta na Gorenjskem i Dolenjskem. Utvrđene su prosječne vrijednosti slijedećih parametara: aspartat aminotransferaze (AST), alanin aminotransferaze (ALT), laktat dehidrogenaze (LDH), gama glutamiltransferaze (GGT), mokraćevine, kreatinina, ukupnih proteina, albumina i glukoze. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da postoje samo neka statistički značajna odstupanja između različitih skupina. Cilj ovog rada je pokazati niz biokemijskih podataka kod odstrjeljenog jelena lopatara u Sloveniji i uspoređivanje podataka s ostalim sličnim istraživanjima, što je od važnosti za laboratorijsku dijagnostiku

Atipični aktinomikotični piogranulom frontalne i parijetalne regije u srne (Capreolus capreolus) - prikaz slučaja

Actinomycosis is a rare infectious bacterial disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants, horses, small carnivores, monkeys, rabbits, birds and humans. Actinomyces spp. are gram-positive, acid-fast-negative filamentous bacteria which can grow anaerobically and cause abscesses and pyogranulomatous inflammation. In this report, a case of an atypical actinomycotic pyogranuloma due to Actinomyces sp. of the frontal and parietal region of the head in a roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) is described. Based on the gross and histopathological findings and bacterial culture results, a diagnosis of extrafacial actinomycosis affecting the neurocranial part of the skull and soft tissues of the frontal and parietal regions was made.Aktinomikoza je rijetka zarazna bakterijska bolest koja zahvaća domaće i divlje preživače, konje, male mesojede, majmune, kuniće, ptice i ljude. Bakterije Actinomyces spp. jesu gram-pozitivne, filamentne bakterije koje se boje Ziehl-Neelsenovim bojenjem, a mogu rasti anaerobno te uzrokovati apscese i piogranulomatoznu upalu. U ovom se radu opisuje slučaj atipičnog aktinomikotičnog piogranuloma uzrokovanog bakterijom Actinomyces sp. u frontalnoj i parijetalnoj regiji glave srne (Capreolus capreolus). Na temelju makroskopskog i histopatološkog nalaza te bakteriološke pretrage ustanovljena je dijagnoza ekstrafacijalne aktinomikoze koja je zahvatila neurokranijalni dio lubanje i meka tkiva frontalne i parijetalne regije

Neizravna ELISA i Western blotting za dokazivanje fascioloidoze u slobodno živućih jelena običnih (Cervus elaphus).

The aim of this research was to investigate the use of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting test with native excretory/secretory Fascioloides magna antigen (ES-Ag) in free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus). The research was performed on 48 red deer shot during routine culls from two different areas, considering the occurrence of fascioloidosis. After coprological examination and gross pathology examination of the livers for F. magna, serum samples were divided into three groups as infected (n = 32), uninfected (n = 13) and previously infected deer (n = 3). Indirect ELISA results were significantly higher for serum samples from infected deer (percentage of positivity (PP) 65.1 ± 18.4) than uninfected (PP 11.6 ± 13.7) and previously infected deer (PP 20.3 ± 6.4). Samples from uninfected deer had fewer bands (30-33 and 104 kDa) on Western blotting than samples from infected deer (6, 17, 22, 27, 30-33, 40, 45 and 104 kDa). The number of alive flukes positively correlated with the ELISA results and the number of F. magna eggs per gram of faeces (EPG). The results indicated that ELISA and Western blotting test could be useful in the early diagnosis of fascioloidosis in red deer and also in control in the population of free-ranging red deer.Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti imunodijagnostički potencijal ekskretorno/sekretornog antigena (ES-Ag) dobivenog od odraslih Fascioloides magna u populaciji slobodno živućih jelena običnih primjenom neizravnoga imunoenzimnog i Western blotting testa. Istraživanje je provedeno na 48 jelena običnih odstrijeljenih u okviru planiranog odstrjela na dva različita područja s obzirom na pojavu fascioloidoze. Nakon koprološke pretrage i razudbe jetara na prisutnost F. magna, uzorci seruma bili su podijeljeni u tri skupine: invadirani (n = 32), neinvadirani (n = 13) i prethodno invadirani jeleni (n = 3). Rezultati neizravnog ELISA testa bili su značajno viši u uzorcima seruma od invadiranih jelena (postotak pozitivnosti (PP) 65,08 ± 18,40) nego neinvadiranih (PP 11,6 ± 13,7) i prethodno invadiranih jelena (PP 20,31 ± 6,43). Uzorci od invadiranih imali su nekoliko linija (30-33 i 104 kDa) primjenom Western blottinga za razliku od uzoraka od invadiranih jelena (6, 17, 22, 27, 30-33, 40, 45 i 104 kDa). Broj živih metilja u pozitivnoj je korelaciji s rezultatima ELISA testa i broja F. magna jajašca po gramu izmeta (EPG). Rezultati ukazuju da neizravna ELISA i Western blotting test mogu biti korisni s ciljem ranog otkrivanja fascioloidoze u jelena običnog te isto tako u njenoj kontroli u populaciji slobodno živućih jelena običnih

Neizravna ELISA i Western blotting za dokazivanje fascioloidoze u slobodno živućih jelena običnih (Cervus elaphus).

The aim of this research was to investigate the use of an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting test with native excretory/secretory Fascioloides magna antigen (ES-Ag) in free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus). The research was performed on 48 red deer shot during routine culls from two different areas, considering the occurrence of fascioloidosis. After coprological examination and gross pathology examination of the livers for F. magna, serum samples were divided into three groups as infected (n = 32), uninfected (n = 13) and previously infected deer (n = 3). Indirect ELISA results were significantly higher for serum samples from infected deer (percentage of positivity (PP) 65.1 ± 18.4) than uninfected (PP 11.6 ± 13.7) and previously infected deer (PP 20.3 ± 6.4). Samples from uninfected deer had fewer bands (30-33 and 104 kDa) on Western blotting than samples from infected deer (6, 17, 22, 27, 30-33, 40, 45 and 104 kDa). The number of alive flukes positively correlated with the ELISA results and the number of F. magna eggs per gram of faeces (EPG). The results indicated that ELISA and Western blotting test could be useful in the early diagnosis of fascioloidosis in red deer and also in control in the population of free-ranging red deer.Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti imunodijagnostički potencijal ekskretorno/sekretornog antigena (ES-Ag) dobivenog od odraslih Fascioloides magna u populaciji slobodno živućih jelena običnih primjenom neizravnoga imunoenzimnog i Western blotting testa. Istraživanje je provedeno na 48 jelena običnih odstrijeljenih u okviru planiranog odstrjela na dva različita područja s obzirom na pojavu fascioloidoze. Nakon koprološke pretrage i razudbe jetara na prisutnost F. magna, uzorci seruma bili su podijeljeni u tri skupine: invadirani (n = 32), neinvadirani (n = 13) i prethodno invadirani jeleni (n = 3). Rezultati neizravnog ELISA testa bili su značajno viši u uzorcima seruma od invadiranih jelena (postotak pozitivnosti (PP) 65,08 ± 18,40) nego neinvadiranih (PP 11,6 ± 13,7) i prethodno invadiranih jelena (PP 20,31 ± 6,43). Uzorci od invadiranih imali su nekoliko linija (30-33 i 104 kDa) primjenom Western blottinga za razliku od uzoraka od invadiranih jelena (6, 17, 22, 27, 30-33, 40, 45 i 104 kDa). Broj živih metilja u pozitivnoj je korelaciji s rezultatima ELISA testa i broja F. magna jajašca po gramu izmeta (EPG). Rezultati ukazuju da neizravna ELISA i Western blotting test mogu biti korisni s ciljem ranog otkrivanja fascioloidoze u jelena običnog te isto tako u njenoj kontroli u populaciji slobodno živućih jelena običnih

Twenty years of passive disease surveillance of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Slovenia

In this paper, we provide an overview of the causes of death of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) diagnosed within the national passive health surveillance of roe deer in Slovenia. From 2000 to 2019, postmortem examinations of 510 free-ranging roe deer provided by hunters were conducted at the Veterinary Faculty, Slovenia. A comprehensive necropsy was performed. According to the results of the necropsy, the samples were subjected to microscopic, histopathological, bacteriological, parasitological, or virological examination. The most frequent causes of death in roe deer were infectious diseases (67%), followed by noninfectious diseases (28%). Of all deaths, parasitic infections represented 48%, bacterial infections 14.8%, trauma 12.5%, and metabolic disorders 9.8%. Less frequent causes were diseases like neoplasia and mycotic infections, winter starvation, hernias, and lightning strike. This study covered an estimated 1% of the total disease-related mortality of roe deer in Slovenia. Comparisons of sex/age structure indicated that hunters did not provide random samples (e.g., young males were disproportionately represented). Therefore, such monitoring does not ensure an unbiased assessment of the significance of the individual disease for the mortality of the populationhowever, it can provide credible evidence of whether or not a particular disease is present in a population. We show that no identified disease in roe deer in Slovenia can be considered a significant health threat to roe deer, other wildlife species, or humans

Post-epidemic investigation of Schmallenberg virus in wild ruminants in Slovenia

Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is a vector‐borne virus belonging to the genus Orthobunyavirus within the Bunyaviridae family. SBV emerged in Europe in 2011 and was characterized by epidemics of abortions, stillbirths and congenital malformations in domestic ruminants. The first evidence of SBV infection in Slovenia was from an ELISA‐positive sample from a cow collected in August 2012clinical manifestations of SBV disease in sheep and cattle were observed in 2013, with SBV RNA detected in samples collected from a total of 28 herds. A potential re‐emergence of SBV in Europe is predicted to occur when population‐level immunity declines. SBV is also capable of infecting several wild ruminant species, although clinical disease has not yet been described in these species. Data on SBV‐positive wild ruminants suggest that these species might be possible sources for the re‐emergence of SBV. The aim of this study was to investigate whether SBV was circulating among wild ruminants in Slovenia and whether these species can act as a virus reservoir. A total of 281 blood and spleen samples from wild ruminants, including roe deer, red deer, chamois and European mouflon, were collected during the 2017–2018 hunting season. Serum samples were tested for antibodies against SBV by ELISAthe overall seroprevalence was 18.1%. Seropositive samples were reported from all over the country in examined animal species from 1 to 15 years of age. Spleen samples from the seropositive animals and serum samples from the seronegative animals were tested for the presence of SBV RNA using real‐time RT‐PCRall the samples tested negative. Based on the results of the seropositive animals, it was demonstrated that SBV was circulating in wild ruminant populations in Slovenia even after the epidemic, as almost half (23/51) of the seropositive animals were 1 or 2 years old

Wild Carnivore Survey of <i>Echinococcus</i> Species in Slovenia

Wild carnivores are definitive hosts and potential reservoirs for the tapeworm Echinococcus sp. which can cause cystic and alveolar echinococcosis. Both are considered neglected and important food-borne pandemics. This study is the first to molecularly test Slovenian wild carnivores for Echinococcus species that can cause disease in humans. Fecal samples from 210 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), 42 wolves (Canis lupus), 39 golden jackals (Canis aureus), 18 martens (Marten sp.), 2 Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), 2 European badger (Meles meles), and 1 Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) were examined for Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (EGsl: E. granulosus sensu stricto, E. canadensis) and E. multilocularis (EM) using real-time PCR. Red foxes (29.1%) and golden jackals (18%) were positive for EM. All animals examined were negative for EGsl. Univariate analysis showed no significant differences in EM prevalence with respect to animal species (red fox vs., golden jackal) (p = 0.22), age (p = 0.12), and sex (p = 0.18). Prevalence of EM was associated with the region (p < 0.001), with regions in central and southern Slovenia having higher EM prevalence and risk of infection. Due to the increase in population and expansion of habitat, the golden jackal may soon become as important definitive host for EM as the red fox