Dynamics of zonal flow-like structures in the edge of the TJ-II stellarator

The dynamics of fluctuating electric field structures in the edge of the TJ-II stellarator, that display zonal flow-like traits, is studied. These structures have been shown to be global and affect particle transport dynamically [J.A. Alonso et al., Nucl. Fus. 52 063010 (2012)]. In this article we discuss possible drive (Reynolds stress) and damping (Neoclassical viscosity, geodesic transfer) mechanisms for the associated ExB velocity. We show that: (a) while the observed turbulence-driven forces can provide the necessary perpendicular acceleration, a causal relation could not be firmly established, possibly because of the locality of the Reynolds stress measurements, (b) the calculated neoclassical viscosity and damping times are comparable to the observed zonal flow relaxation times, and (c) although an accompanying density modulation is observed to be associated to the zonal flow, it is not consistent with the excitation of pressure side-bands, like those present in geodesic acoustic oscillations, caused by the compression of the ExB flow field

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)1.

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field

Anales de Edafología y Agrobiología Tomo 25 Número 11-12

Estudio de la composición mineral de gramíneas y leguminosas a lo largo del ciclo vegetativo, por J. M. Albareda y A. Martín.-- Estudio de concreciones ferruginosas de Mesones (Guadajajara), por J. Galván, J. García Vicente, J. J. Alonso y H. Carvajal.-- Estudio de la vermiculita de Estepona, por J. García Vicente y Mª C. Rodríguez.-- Los suelos de la provincia de Cáceres, por J. Forteza Bonnin, A. García Rodríguez, Mª Sánchez Camazano y Mª T. Martín Patiño.-- Los suelos de la provincia de Cáceres, por J. Forteza Bonnin, A. García Rodríguez, Mª Sánchez Camazano y Mª T. Martín Patiño. Diferenciación de los principales minerales sedimentarios mediante técnicas de tinción selectiva, por P. Arévalo Carretero.-- La humificación en Jos suelos de bosque de Quercus ile.r desarrollados sobre substrato calizo y silícico, por F. Velasco .-- Nutrición nitrogenada en el Bersim, por L. Jimeno y J. M. Lozano.-- Vanadio y la reducción de nitratos en las plantas, por L. Catalina.-- Vanadio y la reducción de nitratos en las plantas (II), por L. Catalina.-- Vanadio y la reducción de nitratos en las plantas (III), por L. Catalina.-- Acción nematicida de la urea contra Tylen.chulus semipenetrans Cobb., por A. Ortuño Martínez, J. Gómez Gómez y F. Cánovas Candel.-- Notas. Asociación Internacional de Ciencia del Suelo.—Consejeros.-- II Coloquio Europeo de Diagnóstico Foliar y Fertilización de los Cultivos.-- Simposio de Agroquímica.-- Cursillo Regional de Ciencias de la Naturaleza.-- Centros.-- VI Simposio Internacional de Química Agrícola.-- XVII Congreso Internacional de Horticultura.-- Congresos, reuniones internacionales y becas.-- Reunión del Comité Permanente de los Coloquios Europeos y Mediterráneos sobre el control de la alimentació. de plantas cultivadas.-- Coloquio de la dinámica de las biocenosis del suelo.-- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura.-- IV Reunión del Grupo español de Sedimentología.-- Second Latin American Soil Biology Congress.--Biblografía.-- Sixth lnternational Congress for Electron Microscopy.-- Transmission electron microscopy of metals (Gareth Thomas).-- Electron microscopy of thin crystals (P. B. Hirsch, A. Howie, R. B. Nicholson, D. W. Pashley y M. J. Whelan)Peer reviewe