Selective optical addressing of nuclear spins through superhyperfine interaction in rare-earth doped solids

In Er$^{3+}$:Y$_2$SiO$_5$, we demonstrate the selective optical addressing of the $^{89}$Y$^{3+}$ nuclear spins through their superhyperfine coupling with the Er$^{3+}$ electronic spins possessing large Land\'e $g$-factors. We experimentally probe the electron-nuclear spin mixing with photon echo techniques and validate our model. The site-selective optical addressing of the Y$^{3+}$ nuclear spins is designed by adjusting the magnetic field strength and orientation. This constitutes an important step towards the realization of long-lived solid-state qubits optically addressed by telecom photons.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, supplementary material (3 pages

Quantum memory protocols in large cold atomic ensembles

Quantum memories are an essential building block for quantum information science, and in particular for the implementation of quantum communications across long distances. A quantum memory is defined as a system capable of storing and retrieving quantum states on-demand, such as quantum bits (qubits). Atomic ensembles are good candidates for this purpose because they enables strong light-matter coupling in case of a large number of atoms. Moreover, the collective effect, enhanced in the regime of large optical depth, can lead to storage efficiency close to unity. Thus, in this thesis, a large magneto-optical trap for cesium atoms is used as a atomic medium in order to implement a quantum memory protocol based on electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). First, the EIT phenomenon is studied through a criterion for the discrimination between the EIT and the Autler-Townes splitting models. We then report on the implementation of an EIT-based memory for photonic qubits encoded in orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light. A reversible memory for Laguerre-Gaussian modes is implemented, and we demonstrate that the optical memory preserves the handedness of the helical structure at the single-photon level. Then, a full quantum state tomography of the retrieved OAM encoded qubits is performed, giving fidelities above the classical bound. This showed that our optical memory operates in the quantum regime. Finally, we present the implementation of the so-called DLCZ protocol in our ensemble of cold atoms, enabling the generation of heralded single photons. A homodyne detection setup allows us to realize the quantum tomography of the created photonic state.Les mémoires quantiques sont un élément essentiel dans le domaine de l'information quantique, en particulier pour la mise en oeuvre de communications quantiques sur de longues distances. Une mémoire quantique a pour but de stocker un état quantique de la lumière, comme par exemple un bit quantique (qubit), et de le réémettre après un délai donné. Les ensembles atomiques sont de bons candidats pour construire de telles mémoires quantiques, car il est possible d'obtenir de fort couplage lumière-matière dans le cas d'un grand nombre d'atomes. De plus, la notion d'effet collectif, qui est renforcé pour de large profondeur optique, permet en principe une efficacité de stockage proche de l'unité. Ainsi, dans cette thèse, un piège magnéto-optique de césium à forte densité optique est utilisé pour l'implémentation d'un protocole de mémoire quantique basé sur la transparence induite électromagnétiquement (EIT). Tout d'abord, le phénomène EIT est étudié à travers un critère de discrimination entre les modèles d'EIT et de séparation Autler-Townes. Nous rapportons ensuite la mise en oeuvre d'une mémoire basée sur l'EIT pour des qubits photoniques encodés en moment angulaire orbital (OAM) de la lumière. Une mémoire réversible pour des modes de Laguerre-Gauss est réalisée, et nous démontrons que la mémoire optique préserve le sens de la structure hélicoïdale au niveau du photon unique. Ensuite, une tomographie quantique complète des états réémis est effectuée, donnant des fidélités au-dessus de la limite classique. Cela montre que notre mémoire optique fonctionne dans le régime quantique. Enfin, nous présentons la mise en oeuvre du protocole dit DLCZ dans notre ensemble d'atomes froids, permettant la génération de photons uniques annoncés. Une détection homodyne nous permet de réaliser la tomographie quantique de l'état photonique ainsi créé

Processus d'évaluation et réponses émotionnelles chez les ovins (prévisibilité, contrôlabilité, correspondance aux attentes et contexte social)

Le bien-être animal implique l'état physique mais également l'état mental. Les théories de l'évaluation en psychologie cognitive offrent un cadre conceptuel pour étudier le vécu émotionnel de l'animal qui est inféré de l'évaluation qu'il fait de la situation à laquelle il est confronté, de ses réponses comportementales et physiologiques. Les critères en fonction desquels les animaux évaluent leur environnement doivent être connus afin d'en déduire les émotions qu'ils pourraient ressentir. Nous avons montré que les ovins évaluent un événement en fonction : 1) de sa prévisibilité ; 2) de son adéquation avec les attentes préalablement construites ; 3) de la possibilité qu'ils ont de le contrôler ; 4) du contexte social (dominance/subordination) dans lequel il se produit. Ainsi, les ovins pourraient ressentir des émotions négatives telles que la peur, la colère, ou l'ennui, et des émotions positives comme le plaisirCLERMONT FD-BCIU Sci.et Tech. (630142101) / SudocSudocFranceF

Welfare, stress, emotions

National audienc

Deep and persistent spectral holes in thulium-doped yttrium orthosilicate for imaging applications

International audienceWith their optical wavelength in the near infrared (790-800nm) and their unique spectroscopic properties at cryogenic temperatures, thulium-doped crystals are at the center of many architectures linked to classical signal processing and quantum information. In this work, we focus on Tm-doped YSO, a compound that was left aside in the mid-1990s due to its rather short optical coherence lifetime. By means of time-resolved hole-burning spectroscopy, we investigate the anisotropic enhanced nuclear Zeeman effect and demonstrate deep, sub-MHz, persistent spectral hole burning under specific magnetic field orientation and magnitude. By estimating the experimental parameters corresponding to a real-scale ultrasound optical tomography setup using Tm:YSO as a spectral filter, we validate Tm:YSO as a promising compound for medical imaging in the human body

Cognitive sciences to relate ear postures to emotions in sheep

International audienceEmotions are now largely recognised as a core element in animal welfare issues. However, convenient indicators to reliably infer emotions are still needed. As such, the availability of behavioural postures analogous to facial expressions in humans would be extremely valuable for animal studies of emotions. The purpose of this paper is to find out stable expressive postures in sheep and to relate these expressive postures with specific emotional contexts. In an initial experiment, we identified discrete ear postures from a comprehensive approach which integrates all theoretically distinguishable ear postures. Four main ear postures were identified: horizontal ears (P posture); ears risen up (R posture); ears pointed backward (B posture); and asymmetric posture (A posture). In a second experiment, we studied how these ear postures were affected by specific emotional states elicited by exposing sheep to experimental situations in which elementary characteristics (ie suddenness and unfamiliarity, negative contrast and controllability) were manipulated. We found that: i) the horizontal P posture corresponds to a neutral state; ii) sheep point their ears backward (B posture) when they face unfamiliar and unpleasant uncontrollable situations, hence likely to elicit fear; iii) they point their ears up (R posture) when facing similar negative situations but controllable, hence likely to elicit anger; and iv) they expressed the asymmetric A posture in very sudden situations, likely to elicit surprise. By cross-fostering psychological and ethological approaches, we are able to propose an interpretation of ear postures in sheep relative to their emotions

Effects of fabrication methods on spin relaxation and crystallite quality in Tm-doped Y3Al5O12 powders studied using spectral hole burning

High-quality rare-earth-ion (REI) doped materials are a prerequisite for many applications such as quantum memories, ultra-high-resolution optical spectrum analyzers and information processing. Compared to bulk materials, REI doped powders offer low-cost fabrication and a greater range of accessible material systems. Here we show that crystal properties, such as nuclear spin lifetime, are strongly affected by mechanical treatment, and that spectral hole burning can serve as a sensitive method to characterize the quality of REI doped powders. We focus on the specific case of thulium doped $$\mathrm{Y}_3\mathrm{Al}_5\mathrm{O}_{12}$$ (Tm:YAG). Different methods for obtaining the powders are compared and the influence of annealing on the spectroscopic quality of powders is investigated on a few examples. We conclude that annealing can reverse some detrimental effects of powder fabrication and, in certain cases, the properties of the bulk material can be reached. Our results may be applicable to other impurities and other crystals, including color centers in nano-structured diamond