2 research outputs found
Indicators of selective attention functioning dynamics on the sample of croatian railroad engineers and related age differences
Istraživanja starosnih promjena dinamike funkcioniranja sustava selektivne pažnje (SP) vrlo su rijetka, a posebice kod profesionalnih vozaÄa. S obzirom na to da su posljedice funkcioniranja SP strojovoÄa za sigurnost prometa iznimno velike, smatra se važnim istražiti uÄinke starenja na tri pokazatelja dinamike funkcioniranja sustava SP (prosjeÄna uÄinkovitost, stabilnost, otpornost prema djelovanju nepovoljnih Äimbenika), a s obzirom na razliÄite mjere SP. Istraživanje je provedeno upotrebom dvije vremenski ograniÄene forme Stroop testa: prve ā verbalne i neobojene (leksiÄke), te druge ā verbalne i obojene papir-olovka forme. Obje forme sastojale su se od dva dijela/komponente: s inkongruentnim podražajima (koji su mjerili SP i brzinu obrade podataka, tj. BOP) te s neutralnim podražajima (koji su mjerili samo BOP). Sudionici su bili muÅ”ki strojovoÄe Hrvatskih željeznica, u dobi od 25 do 59 godina, neravnomjerno raspodijeljeni u 4 dobne skupine, odreÄene specifiÄnim funkcionalnim karakteristikama profesionalnih vozaÄa. Prvu je popunilo 50 sudionika, a 52 njih popunilo je drugu formu testa. Sudionikov zadatak bio je da precrta Å”to je moguÄe viÅ”e ciljnih rijeÄi u kontekstu distraktora tijekom 60 sekundi (pri Äemu je distrakcija bila intenzivnija kod inkongruentnih podražaja). Sva tri pokazatelja dinamike funkcioniranja SP izražena su kao kompoziti objektivnih mjera dvije sastavnice Stroop testa te pokazuju jednoznaÄan odnos s izraženoÅ”Äu pripadnog konstrukta, dok niske meÄusobne korelacije ukazuju na njihovu razliÄitost. Uz iznimku relativne pozicije 1. pogreÅ”ke - koja se zbog iznimno malog varijabiliteta nije mogla iskoristiti kao mjera otpornosti - veÄina preostalih pokazatelja dinamike u odabranom uzorku hrvatskih strojovoÄa pokazala je dobra statistiÄka svojstva i teorijsku utemeljenost. Dobne promjene sva tri pokazatelja dinamike SP odražavaju nelinearan trend koji je samo dijelom u skladu s uvriježenim oÄekivanjima, te se pokazao statistiÄki znaÄajnim samo kod otpornosti SP u obojenoj verziji Stroop testa. Premda navedeni trendovi dobnih promjena najveÄim dijelom nisu bili znaÄajni, ipak je prosjeÄna uÄinkovitost i stabilnost SP u obojenoj verziji testa pokazala statistiÄki znaÄajno drugaÄiji oblik dobnih promjena nego u leksiÄkoj verziji testa. Analize su dodatno pokazale kako je prosjeÄna uÄinkovitost SP znaÄajno veÄa u Stroop testu s prometno relevantnim bojama, a sliÄan trend ā premda neznaÄajan ā pokazuju i stabilnost te otpornost SP djelovanju nepovoljnih Äimbenika. Dobiveni rezultati, uz odreÄeni oprez zbog nedostatka mjerenja kontrolne skupine i drugih metodoloÅ”kih ograniÄenja specifiÄnih za primijenjena istraživanja, tumaÄe se specifiÄnim iskustvom strojovoÄa te su raspravljeni u sklopu teorija kognitivnog starenja opÄe populacije, ali s implikacijama na proces starenja strojovoÄa i njegove posljedice ā posebice u podruÄju sigurnosti prometa.Research that focuses on aging process of selective attention (SA) functioning dynamics is very rare, especially regarding the professional driversā population. Given the fact that the consequences of SA functioning in railroad engineers are extremely high for traffic safety, we considered it important to investigate the aging effects on three indicators of SA system functioning dynamics (average efficiency, stability and resilience to the adverse factors effects) with regard to different measures of SA. The study was conducted using two time limited forms of Stroop tests: the first ā verbal, uncoloured (lexical) and the second ā verbal, coloured paper-pencil form. Both forms were comprised of two parts/components: with incongruent stimuli (measuring SA and processing speed, i.e. PS) and neutral stimuli (measuring only PS). The participants were male railroad engineers, ages 25 to 59, unevenly distributed into 4 age categories distinguished by specific functional characteristics of professional drivers. 50 subjects completed the first test form and 52 the second. The subjectsā task was to cross out as many of the target words in the distractors context in 60 seconds as possible (whereby the distraction was more intense for the incongruent stimuli). All three indicators of SA functioning dynamics are expressed as composites of objective measures of the Stroop test components. They show an unambiguous relation to the magnitude of the associated construct, while low inter-correlations indicate their diversity. With the exception of the relative position of the first test mistake - that could not be used as a measure of resilience due to the extremely small variability - in the selected sample of Croatian railroad engineers most of the other SA dynamic indicators show good statistical features and theoretical merits. Age related changes of the three SA dynamic indicators reflect a non-linear trend that is only partly in line with the expectations, while statistically significant only for SA resilience in the coloured version of the Stroop test. Although these age-related trends were mainly non-significant, average SA efficiency and stability in the coloured version of the test showed significantly different age-related changes in comparison to the lexical version of the test. Additionally, analyses have shown that the average SA efficiency is significantly higher in Stroop test that includes traffic relevant colours, while SA stability and resilience to the adverse factors effects show similar, although not significant, trend. The findings are ā with a certain caution related to the lack of control group measurement and other methodological confinements specific for applied research - interpreted by specific railroad engineers experience and are discussed in relation to the theory of cognitive aging in the general population with the implications on the railroad engineers aging process and its consequences ā especially regarding traffic safety
Factors related to parents' adjustment to parenthood
Roditeljstvo predstavlja jedinstveno iskustvo obilježeno brojnim izazovima. Najvažnija je životna uloga koja izmeÄu ostalog, obuhvaÄa skup roditeljskih vjeÅ”tina u svrhu skrbi i odgoja djeteta. Rano povezivanje s djetetom zapoÄinje veÄ u trudnoÄi, tako da se roditelji veÄ tada poÄinju pripremati za tu zahtjevnu ulogu. Za oba roditelja, roditeljstvo je vrlo izazovno razdoblje obilježeno razliÄitim fazama prilagodbe i stilovima roditeljstva. Roditelji koji ranije zapoÄinju pripreme, lakÅ”e se i brže prilagoÄavaju roditeljstvu te imaju nižu razinu stresa, straha i anksioznosti. Prilagodba na roditeljstvo je dinamiÄan proces koji ima važnu ulogu u razvijanju osjeÄaja kompetentnosti roditelja. Proces prilagodbe nije konstantan i ovisi ne samo o roditeljstvu samom po sebi, nego i o brojnim Äimbenicima koji mogu utjecati na njegovu modifikaciju. Roditelji imaju veliku ulogu u skrbi za dijete pa se naÄin prilagodbe roditelja toj ulozi može odraziti na rast i razvoj djeteta, njegovo ponaÅ”anje i razvoj osobnosti. Svaki roditelj prilagoÄava se ulozi roditelja na jedinstveni naÄin. Pri tome, odgojni roditeljski stil kao naÄin interakcije izmeÄu roditelja i djeteta može biti autoritativni, autoritarni, popustljivi i indiferentni. Proces prilagodbe i naÄin noÅ”enja s izazovima roditeljstva usko se vezuju uz razvoj roditeljskog stila. Roditeljski stil ne mora biti isti u oba roditelja i ima važan utjecaj na odgoj djeteta i djetetovo ponaÅ”anje. U ovom radu opisati Äe se Äimbenici koji utjeÄu na prilagodbu na roditeljstvo, s posljediÄnim razvijanjem stila roditeljstva. Poseban znaÄaj staviti Äe se na ulogu medicinske sestre u prilagodbi roditelja na roditeljstvo.Parenthood is a unique experience characterized by numerous challenges. It is the most important role in life, involving, among other things, a range of parenting skills for the care and upbringing of a child. Early bonding with the child begins during pregnancy, so parents are already preparing for this demanding role. For both parents, parenthood is a very challenging time, characterized by different adjustment phases and parenting styles. Parents who start preparing earlier adapt more easily and quickly to parenthood and suffer less stress, anxiety, and restlessness. Adaptation to parenthood is a dynamic process that plays an important role in the development of parents' sense of competence. The adjustment process is not constant and depends not only on parenting itself, but also on numerous factors that can influence its change. Parents play an important role in the care of the child, and the way in which parents adapt to this role can affect the child's growth and development, behavior, and personality development. Each parent adapts to the parenting role in a unique way. At the same time, the parenting style as a way of interacting between parents and children can be authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and indifferent. The process of adaptation and the way in which the challenges of parenting are dealt with are closely linked to the development of the parenting style. The parenting style does not have to be the same for both parents and has an important influence on the child's upbringing and behavior. This thesis describes the factors that influence adaptation to parenthood and the resulting development of parenting style. Particular attention is paid to the role of the nurse in parents' adjustment to parenting