River runoff modeling in the European territory of Russia

The paper describes river runoff modeling for a plains region of the European territory of Russia (ETR), as well as a prediction for ungauged drainage basins. The study of river runoff is one of the key research objectives in determining the patterns of sediment yield formation. Among many other zonal factors, river runoff is considered to be the main factor in sediment yield formation in a humid climate. In this study, modeling results for the entire European territory of Russia and various landscape zones are presented via the use of multiple regression method

Cartographic model of river basins of European Russia

© 2017, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. An analysis made of the worldwide existing geoinformation systems (HydroSHEDS, CCM, Ecrins, WBD, etc.) suggests that there are as yet no models of adequate quality for the basin boundaries of small rivers in the European part of Russia. For the territory of the European part of Russia with a total area of more than 4 mln. km2 the GIS technology tools were used to construct the electron vector map of river basins and their interbasin spaces. The map thus obtained displays the basins of first-order rivers for a given level of generalization (sc 1:1 000 000). The GMTED2010 model was used as the digital elevation model. A total of 63 553 basin geosystems were identified on the map, averaging 68 km2 in area. Accuracy verification of identifying the basin boundaries showed a good agreement of areal and geometric characteristics of the method used with expert approach. In test areas, the men difference of the indicators of the area of the basins identified automatically and by use of the expert approach made up 3.6%. For areas with weakly dissected lowland topography this error does not exceed 5% while it is about 2% in areas with relatively dissected elevated topography. The basin geosystems thus identified are operational-territorial units with respect to which the geospatial data base is generated to characterize the natural-resource potential of the European territory of Russia. An example is provided for the generation of the geospatial database containing hydrological information covering 1763 hydrological stations collecting streamflow data

MEDICO-BIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS OF RISK OF DEVELOPMENT OF ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION IN CHILDREN

We carried out clinical-psychological examination of 504 children of 12—17 years old. According to the comparative analysis of indices of children in main (with arterial hypertension — AH) and control (without AH) groups we resealed frequency, age and. sex structure, factors of risk of arterial hypertension. We analyzed, psychosocial (acute and chronic psychologic traumatic experience) and sociocultural factors (medico-demographic and social-economic family status), studied individual and. typological features of the person, structure of temperament, psychic conditions, peculiarities of interpersonal attitudes (in family and. in school). We studied interactions and determined diagnostic significance of studied indices as the factors of risk of development of hypertension with estimation of their quantitative characteristics by the index of chances ratio and. its confidence intervals

Thermal effects during magma ascent in conduits

Because of strong coupling between viscosity and temperature, the dynamics of magma flows in conduits are drastically controlled by thermal effects due to heat generation by viscous dissipation and loss to the walls by conduction. Here we present analytical solutions and a practical procedure based on an order of magnitude analysis that permits the characterization of the regime and estimation of the main features of the flow. The ranges of validity of analytical and asymptotic solutions were bounded by using results from fully two-dimensional (2-D) numerical solutions of mass, momentum, and energy equations for magma flow inside a cylindrical conduit and the heat conduction in the surrounding host rocks. The results permitted the identification of three regimes: a conductive-heat-loss-dominated regime, an intermediate regime, and a viscous-heating-dominated regime. Some useful analytical parameterizations are proposed for estimating friction in simplified 1-D models. Temperature layering due to heat loss by conduction can lead to local crystal growth and magma solidification whereas heat generated by viscous dissipation can be responsible for crystal resorption and remelting of wall rocksPublishedB122053.6. Fisica del vulcanismoJCR Journalpartially_ope

River runoff modeling in the European territory of Russia

The paper describes river runoff modeling for a plains region of the European territory of Russia (ETR), as well as a prediction for ungauged drainage basins. The study of river runoff is one of the key research objectives in determining the patterns of sediment yield formation. Among many other zonal factors, river runoff is considered to be the main factor in sediment yield formation in a humid climate. In this study, modeling results for the entire European territory of Russia and various landscape zones are presented via the use of multiple regression methods. Multiple regression methods do not require the mathematical description of the main physical processes of runoff formation in terms of their spatial heterogeneity. At the same time, such methods can be distinguished by their simplicity in terms of determining parameters and providing clear interpretations of the results. The research methodology in this work is based on a drainage basin approach. Initial data for the river runoff and its formation factors are presented in the open-access geoinformation database “Drainage basins of the European territory of Russia”, which has been created earlier by the authors. The river runoff geodatabase was formed with results from 1440 gauging stations. The independent variables, such as the relief morphometric characteristics, climatic indicators reflecting average values, scale, seasonal variations, extreme values of temperature and precipitation, percentage of forest and swamp cover, plowing, percentage of meadows, assessment of the anthropogenic impact on the drainage basin, geographical coordinates of the centroid, prevailing soil type, type of soil-forming rock, and class of pre-Quaternary deposits are used for modeling here. Data processing and model development is conducted using the R software environment. Models obtained by linear and nonlinear methods explain about 85–88% of data variability and are well interpreted in terms of the water balance equation. It is found here that the most significant predictors in the model are annual precipitation, the sum of the active temperatures (characterizing runoff losses via evaporation), average slope gradient, and the forest cover of the catchment. For Environmental Resources Management, it is required that data for river runoff are collected at the local (municipal) level. The results for the extrapolation of the river runoff values to ungauged river basins in a plains region of the European territory of Russia are presented here. Calculations of predicted values for the river runoff are given based on the obtained discharge per unit area logarithm model. The model and its cartographic representation reflect the patterns of the spatial distribution of river runoff for the level of spatial detail accepted in the study. The methods applied in this study and the results obtained could be used for similar studies of plains territories across the world

Cartographic model of river basins of European Russia

© 2017, Pleiades Publishing, Ltd. An analysis made of the worldwide existing geoinformation systems (HydroSHEDS, CCM, Ecrins, WBD, etc.) suggests that there are as yet no models of adequate quality for the basin boundaries of small rivers in the European part of Russia. For the territory of the European part of Russia with a total area of more than 4 mln. km2 the GIS technology tools were used to construct the electron vector map of river basins and their interbasin spaces. The map thus obtained displays the basins of first-order rivers for a given level of generalization (sc 1:1 000 000). The GMTED2010 model was used as the digital elevation model. A total of 63 553 basin geosystems were identified on the map, averaging 68 km2 in area. Accuracy verification of identifying the basin boundaries showed a good agreement of areal and geometric characteristics of the method used with expert approach. In test areas, the men difference of the indicators of the area of the basins identified automatically and by use of the expert approach made up 3.6%. For areas with weakly dissected lowland topography this error does not exceed 5% while it is about 2% in areas with relatively dissected elevated topography. The basin geosystems thus identified are operational-territorial units with respect to which the geospatial data base is generated to characterize the natural-resource potential of the European territory of Russia. An example is provided for the generation of the geospatial database containing hydrological information covering 1763 hydrological stations collecting streamflow data

Assessment of shoreline transformation rates and landslide monitoring on the bank of kuibyshev reservoir (Russia) using multi-source data

This study focuses on the Kuibyshev reservoir (Volga River basin, Russia)—the largest in Eurasia and the third in the world by area (6150 km2 ). The objective of this paper is to quantitatively assess the dynamics of reservoir bank landslides and shoreline abrasion at active zones based on the integrated use of modern instrumental methods (i.e., terrestrial laser scanning—TLS, unmanned aerial vehicle—UAV, and a global navigation satellite system—GNSS) and GIS analysis of historical imagery. A methodology for the application of different methods of instrumental assessment of abrasion and landslide processes is developed. Different approaches are used to assess the intensity of landslide and abrasion processes: the specific volume and material loss index, the planar displacement of the bank scarp, and the planar-altitude analysis of displaced soil material based on the analysis of slope profiles. Historical shoreline position (1958, 1985, and 1987) was obtained from archival aerial photo data, whereas data for 1975, 1993, 2010, 2011, and 2012 were obtained from high-resolution satellite image interpretation. Field surveys of the geomorphic processes from 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006, 2014 were carried out using Trimble M3 and Trimble VX total stations; in 2012–2014 and 2019 TLS and UAV surveys were made, respectively. The monitoring of landslide processes showed that the rate of volumetric changes at Site 1 remained rather stable during the measurement period with net material losses of 0.03–0.04 m−3 m−2 yr−1 . The most significant contribution to the average annual value of the material loss was snowmelt runoff. The landslide scarp retreat rate at Site 2 showed a steady decreasing trend, due to partial overgrowth of the landslide accumulation zone resulting in its relative stabilization. The average long-term landslide scarp retreat rate is—2.3 m yr−1 . In 2019 earthworks for landscaping at this site have reduced the landslide intensity by more than 2.5 times to—0.84 m yr−1