Peripheral vision in real-world tasks: A systematic review

Abstract Peripheral vision is fundamental for many real-world tasks, including walking, driving, and aviation. Nonetheless, there has been no effort to connect these applied literatures to research in peripheral vision in basic vision science or sports science. To close this gap, we analyzed 60 relevant papers, chosen according to objective criteria. Applied research, with its real-world time constraints, complex stimuli, and performance measures, reveals new functions of peripheral vision. Peripheral vision is used to monitor the environment (e.g., road edges, traffic signs, or malfunctioning lights), in ways that differ from basic research. Applied research uncovers new actions that one can perform solely with peripheral vision (e.g., steering a car, climbing stairs). An important use of peripheral vision is that it helps compare the position of one’s body/vehicle to objects in the world. In addition, many real-world tasks require multitasking, and the fact that peripheral vision provides degraded but useful information means that tradeoffs are common in deciding whether to use peripheral vision or move one’s eyes. These tradeoffs are strongly influenced by factors like expertise, age, distraction, emotional state, task importance, and what the observer already knows. These tradeoffs make it hard to infer from eye movements alone what information is gathered from peripheral vision and what tasks we can do without it. Finally, we recommend three ways in which basic, sport, and applied science can benefit each other’s methodology, furthering our understanding of peripheral vision more generally

Starting and Sustaining Meaningful Institutional Research at Small Colleges and Universities: Theory and Practice

The focus of this volume is on the work of Institutional Researchers in a small college or university (SCUs) setting. At an SCU, the goal of the IR office is to balance the bureaucratic tendencies of data-driven decision making with the need for collegiality and collaboration. Drawing on numerous examples, it illustrates how IR professionals can leverage their positionality within the institution to design data flows to answer questions by serving as convergent thinkers, connecting disjointed systems and requests. This volume: identifies the challenges that small IR offices face reinforces the idea of collegiality as a defining feature of small IR offices discusses several principles for using data about teaching and learning explores the effects of low response rates in survey data and the effects of nonresponse bias demonstrates the importance of collaborative efforts in enacting change proposes a model of policy development focused on student success presents an effective model of SCU IR office developmenthttps://digitalcommons.hamilton.edu/books/1011/thumbnail.jp

Utrophin mRNA expression in muscle is not restricted to the neuromuscular junction

Utrophin is normally present exclusively in synaptic regions of skeletal muscle fibers, although it is expressed extrasynaptically in certain pathological situations, where it has been proposed to compensate for the absence of dystrophin in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients andmdxmice. Recently there have been conflicting reports regarding the preferential expression of utrophin mRNA at the neuromuscular junction. Usingin situhybridization with RNA probes, we show a clear accumulation of autoradiographic labeling at more than 90% of neuromuscular junctions (identified by histochemical demonstration of cholinesterase activity). The intensity of this labeling is proportional to the number of junctional myonuclei in the section. Some clusters of labeling were found associated with nonmuscle nuclei (e.g., blood vessels, nerves), where utrophin is present. In addition, labeling for utrophin mRNA was associated with about 25% of extrajunctional myonuclei, where the protein is not present. The mean labeling per nucleus at junctional myonuclei was at least 10 times greater than at extrajunctional myonuclei. We discuss the possible regulatory mechanisms involved in the heterogeneous expression of utrophin mRNA in skeletal muscle