Proinflammatory Effects of C-Peptide in Different Tissues

Atherosclerosis is well known as an inflammatory disease that can lead to clinical complications such as heart attack or stroke. C-peptide as a cleavage product of proinsulin is in the last few decades known as an active peptide with a number of different effects on microvascular and macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetic patients. Patients with insulin resistance and early type 2 diabetes show elevated levels of C-peptide in blood. Several last findings demonstrated deposition of C-peptide in the vessel wall in ApoE-deficient mice and induction of local inflammation. Besides that, C-peptide has proliferative effects on human mesangial cells. This review discusses recently published proinflammatory effects of C-peptide in different tissues

C-Peptide: A New Mediator of Atherosclerosis in Diabetes

Diabetes type 2 and insulin resistance are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. It is already known that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease, and a lot of different factors are involved in its onset. C-peptide is a cleavage product of proinsulin, an active substance with a number of effects within different complications of diabetes. In this paper we discuss the role of C-peptide and its effects in the development of atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients

Ivabradine Reduces Chemokine-Induced CD4-Positive Lymphocyte Migration

Aims. Migration of CD4-positive lymphocytes into the vessel wall is a critical step in atherogenesis. Recent data suggest that ivabradine, a selective I(f)-channel blocker, reduces atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, hitherto nothing is known about the mechanism by which ivabradine modulates plaque formation. Therefore, the present study investigated whether ivabradine regulates chemokine-induced migration of lymphocytes. Methods and results. Stimulation of CD4-positive lymphocytes with SDF-1 leads to a 2.0 ± 0.1 fold increase in cell migration (P < .01; n = 7). Pretreatment of cells with ivabradine reduces this effect to a maximal 1.2 ± 0.1 fold induction at 0.1 µmol/L ivabradine (P < .01 compared to SDF-1-treated cells, n = 7). The effect of ivabradine on CD4-positive lymphocyte migration was mediated through an early inhibition of chemokine-induced PI-3 kinase activity as determined by PI-3 kinase activity assays. Downstream, ivabradine inhibits activation of the small GTPase Rac and phosphorylation of the Myosin Light Chain (MLC). Moreover, ivabradine treatment reduces f-actin formation as well as ICAM3 translocation to the uropod of the cell, thus interfering with two important steps in T cell migration. Conclusion. Ivabradine inhibits chemokine-induced migration of CD4-positive lymphocytes. Given the crucial importance of chemokine-induced T-cell migration in early atherogenesis, ivabradine may be a promising tool to modulate this effect

Тактика тушения пожара на открытом распределительном устройстве объекта энергетики

Работа посвящена изучению тактики и особенносткй тушения пожара на открытом распределительном устройстве объекта энергетики. Рассмотрены особенности развития пожара на энергетических объектах, проведен анализ пожарной опасности открытого распределительного устройства, а также произведен расчет сил и средств для ликвидации пожара на открытом распределительном устройстве.The work is devoted to studying the tactics and features of extinguishing a fire in an open switchgear of an energy facility. The features of the development of a fire at power facilities are analyzed, the fire hazard of an open switchgear is analyzed, and the forces and means for eliminating a fire in an open switchgear are calculated

INFLUENCE OF CULTIVAR CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCAT TABLE GRAPEVINE CULTIVARS (VITIS VINIFERA L.) ON GRAPE BRANDY COMPOSITION AND QUALITY

The goal of this paper has been to examine influence of a cultivar on the quality of a grape brandy produced from the muscat table cultivars: Demir kapija, Early muscat, Radmilovacki muskat, Banatski muskat, Muscat Hamburg, Smederevski muskat, Italy and Afuz-ali. In terms of the content of methyl alcohol as well as of the total evaporable ingredients, grape brandies made of the fermented grape mash of investigated cultivars meet the prescribed standards stipulated by the Rulebook on the Quality of Alcoholic Beverages

C-peptide promotes lesion development in a mouse model of arteriosclerosis

Aims: Patients with insulin resistance and early type 2 diabetes exhibit an increased propensity to develop a diffuse and extensive pattern of arteriosclerosis. Typically, these patients show increased levels of C-peptide and our group demonstrated C-peptide deposition in human atherosclerotic lesions. Further in-vitro data showed proinflammatory effects of C-peptide in vascular cells. Nothing is known about C-peptides’ vascular effects in animal models, therefore the present study examined C-peptides’ role in atherogenesis. Methods and Results: We examined the effect of subcutaneously C-peptide administration on atherosclerotic lesion formation in ApoE-deficient mice, which were maintained on a cholesterol diet. Mice were treated for 12 weeks with C-peptide vs. placebo and then pathological analyses were performed. We found a significant increase in C-peptide deposition in atherosclerotic plaques and an induction in macrophage-positive area in the aortic arch. Furthermore the content of smooth muscle cells was increased, and lipid deposition measured by oil-red-O staining was induced in the aortic arch of C-peptide treated mice. A similar trend was observed in the whole aorta, but this effect reached not significance. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that C-peptide deposits in atherosclerotic lesions and perpetuates the inflammatory process. These data support the hypothesis of C-peptide’s active role in atherogenesis, especially in patients with diabetes and insulin resistance

C-peptide: a new mediator of atherosclerosis in diabetes. Mediators of inflammation

Diabetes type 2 and insulin resistance are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. It is already known that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease, and a lot of different factors are involved in its onset. C-peptide is a cleavage product of proinsulin, an active substance with a number of effects within different complications of diabetes. In this paper we discuss the role of C-peptide and its effects in the development of atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetic patients