Association of Fructose Enriched Foods with Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Diseases

oai:ojs2.ojs.ijcp.in:article/1Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the major causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide as well as in the Indian subcontinent, causing more than 25% of deaths. It has been predicted that these diseases will increase rapidly in India, making it a host to more than half the cases of heart disease in the world within the next 15 years. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that in the year 2005 CVDs caused 17.5 million (30%) of the 58 million deaths that occurred worldwide. In the recent times, the association of metabolic syndrome (MS) is strongly linked with CVDs. MS is defined as a constellation of metabolic disorders in an individual. The main components of MS are dyslipidemia (higher triglyceride, low-density lipoproteins [LDL] and low high-density lipoproteins [HDL]), elevated blood pressure (BP), dysregulated glucose homeostasis, abdominal obesity and insulin resistance. Being one of the most widespread diseases in the world, almost half of the population of specific age groups in developed countries is affected by it. Studies have shown that the independent risk factors associated with MS increase the likelihood of CVDs. It has been postulated that excess intake of fructose promotes cell dysfunction, inflammation, intra-abdominal (visceral) adiposity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, weight gain, insulin resistance, hypertension thereby aggravating the chances for developing MS, type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease

Association of Fructose Enriched Foods with Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the major causes of mortality and morbidity worldwideas well as in the Indian subcontinent, causing more than 25% of deaths. It has been predictedthat these diseases will increase rapidly in India, making it a host to more than half thecases of heart disease in the world within the next 15 years. The World Health Organization(WHO) reports that in the year 2005 CVDs caused 17.5 million (30%) of the 58 million deathsthat occurred worldwide. In the recent times, the association of metabolic syndrome (MS)is strongly linked with CVDs. MS is defined as a constellation of metabolic disorders in anindividual. The main components of MS are dyslipidemia (higher triglyceride, low-densitylipoproteins [LDL] and low high-density lipoproteins [HDL]), elevated blood pressure (BP),dysregulated glucose homeostasis, abdominal obesity and insulin resistance. Being one of themost widespread diseases in the world, almost half of the population of specific age groupsin developed countries is affected by it. Studies have shown that the independent risk factorsassociated with MS increase the likelihood of CVDs. It has been postulated that excess intakeof fructose promotes cell dysfunction, inflammation, intra-abdominal (visceral) adiposity,atherogenic dyslipidemia, weight gain, insulin resistance, hypertension thereby aggravatingthe chances for developing MS, type 2 diabetes and coronary heart diseas

Phloretin, as a Potent Anticancer Compound: From Chemistry to Cellular Interactions

Phloretin is a natural dihydrochalcone found in many fruits and vegetables, especially in apple tree leaves and the Manchurian apricots, exhibiting several therapeutic properties, such as antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities. In this review article, the diverse aspects of the anticancer potential of phloretin are addressed, presenting its antiproliferative, proapoptotic, antimetastatic, and antiangiogenic activities in many different preclinical cancer models. The fact that phloretin is a planar lipophilic polyphenol and, thus, a membrane-disrupting Pan-Assay Interference compound (PAIN) compromises the validity of the cell-based anticancer activities. Phloretin significantly reduces membrane dipole potential and, therefore, is expected to be able to activate a number of cellular signaling pathways in a non-specific way. In this way, the effects of this minor flavonoid on Bax and Bcl-2 proteins, caspases and MMPs, cytokines, and inflammatory enzymes are all analyzed in the current review. Moreover, besides the anticancer activities exerted by phloretin alone, its co-effects with conventional anticancer drugs are also under discussion. Therefore, this review presents a thorough overview of the preclinical anticancer potential of phloretin, allowing one to take the next steps in the development of novel drug candidates and move on to clinical trials

Gut Microbiota-Assisted Synthesis, Cellular Interactions and Synergistic Perspectives of Equol as a Potent Anticancer Isoflavone

It is well known that, historically, plants have been an important resource of anticancer agents, providing several clinically approved drugs. Numerous preclinical studies have shown a strong anticancer potential of structurally different phytochemicals, including polyphenolic constituents of plants, flavonoids. In this review article, suppressing effects of equol in different carcinogenesis models are unraveled, highlighting the mechanisms involved in these anticancer activities. Among flavonoids, daidzein is a well-known isoflavone occurring in soybeans and soy products. In a certain part of population, this soy isoflavone is decomposed to equol under the action of gut microflora. Somewhat surprisingly, this degradation product has been shown to be more bioactive than its precursor daidzein, revealing a strong and multifaceted anticancer potential. In this way, it is important to bear in mind that the metabolic conversion of plant flavonoids might lead to products that are even more efficient than the parent compounds themselves, definitely deserving further studies

Luteolin, a Potent Anticancer Compound: From Chemistry to Cellular Interactions and Synergetic Perspectives

Increasing rates of cancer incidence and the toxicity concerns of existing chemotherapeutic agents have intensified the research to explore more alternative routes to combat tumor. Luteolin, a flavone found in numerous fruits, vegetables, and herbs, has exhibited a number of biological activities, such as anticancer and anti-inflammatory. Luteolin inhibits tumor growth by targeting cellular processes such as apoptosis, cell-cycle progression, angiogenesis and migration. Mechanistically, luteolin causes cell death by downregulating Akt, PLK-1, cyclin-B1, cyclin-A, CDC-2, CDK-2, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL, while upregulating BAX, caspase-3, and p21. It has also been reported to inhibit STAT3 signaling by the suppression of STAT3 activation and enhanced STAT3 protein degradation in various cancer cells. Therefore, extensive studies on the anticancer properties of luteolin reveal its promising role in chemoprevention. The present review describes all the possible cellular interactions of luteolin in cancer, along with its synergistic mode of action and nanodelivery insight