India in the Global and Regional Trade - Determinants of Aggregate and Bilateral Trade Flows and Firms’ Decision to Export

This paper contributes to two strands of literature on empirical models of trade flows and trade policy. The first and the older strand is that of gravity models of bilateral trade flows going back to Hans Linneman (1966) and Tinbergen (1962) and its recent applications, particularly by Adams et al (2003) and De Rosa (2007) in analyzing the impact of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). Our focus is on applying the gravity model to analyze Indias trade flows (exports and imports) with its trading partners around the world and to examine the impact of various PTAs in which India or its trading partner or both are members. Clearly this is of interest, since, from 1991 India is aggressively negotiating and concluding PTAs of which South Asian preferential trade (and later free trade) agreement is the most prominent. We find that India is not well served by its pursuit of PTAs and should instead push for multilateral trade liberalisation by contributing to conclusion of the Doha round of negotiations with an agreement beneficial to all WTO members. The second and the more recent strand is the analysis of trade flows using data on exports of individual firms. It is well known that in all countries of the world relatively few firms participate in world trade, thus suggesting that characteristics of a firm (such as its size and productivity) are relevant besides country level barriers on trade matter for participation in world trade. This strand is rapidly growing. Ours is one of the very few attempts at modeling and estimating the decision of Indian firms on their participation using firm level data. The paper reports on our preliminary results. We have also collected primary data from a sample survey of firms to explore this issue deeper. While these data are yet to be fully analyzed, nevertheless some preliminary descriptive tables summarizing them are included in an Appendix.Non-discriminatory trade liberalisation, Gravity Model, Intrabloc trade effect, trade diversion, trade creation, Firm heterogeneity, Probability of exporting, Export performance, Logit, Probit, Fixed effect, Random effect, Tobit Model

Impact of FDI in India: State-Wise Analysis in an Econometric Framework

While there are many empirical studies on the impact of FDI in developing countries few of them have been carried out in India at the state level which gives a holistic as well as detailed view of the spillover of FDI This paper analyzes the impact of FDI on eight major states in India during the post- reform period from 1991-2004 using three models FE RE and SUR models FE Fixed Effects and RE Random Effects give a holistic view whereas the SUR Seemingly Unrelated regression model gives a more detailed picture of the eight states of India Results show that overall FDI has a positive impact on labour productivity and employment for the period considered However across states FDI is more productive only when the states have more absorptive power also labour productivity is growing only at the expense of employmen

Leveraging clinical decision support tools to improve guideline-directed medical therapy in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease at hospital discharge

Background: Guidelines recommend moderate to high-intensity statins and antithrombotic agents in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) remains suboptimal. Methods: In this quality initiative, best practice alerts (BPA) in the electronic health record (EHR) were utilized to alert providers to prescribe to GDMT upon hospital discharge in ASCVD patients. Rates of GDMT were compared for 5 months pre- and post-BPA implementation. Multivariable regression was used to identify predictors of GDMT. Results: In 5985 pre- and 5568 post-BPA patients, the average age was 69.1 ± 12.8 years and 58.5% were male. There was a 4.0% increase in statin use from 67.3% to 71.3% and a 3.1% increase in antithrombotic use from 75.3% to 78.4% in the post-BPA cohort.  Conclusions: This simple EHR-based initiative was associated with a modest increase in ASCVD patients being discharged on GDMT. Leveraging clinical decision support tools provides an opportunity to influence provider behavior and improve care for ASCVD patients, and warrants further investigation

India in the Global and Regional Trade: Determinants of Aggregate and Bilateral Trade Flows and Firms’ Decision to Export

This paper contributes to two strands of literature on empirical models of trade flows and trade policy. The first and the older strand is that of gravity models of bilateral trade flows going back to Hans Linneman (1966) and Tinbergen (1962) and its recent applications, particularly by Adams et al (2003) and De Rosa (2007) in analyzing the impact of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). The focus is on applying the gravity model to analyze India’s trade flows (exports and imports) with its trading partners around the world and to examine the impact of various PTAs in which India or its trading partner or both are members. [Working Paper No. 232]PTAs/RTAs, Non-discriminatory trade liberalisation, Gravity model, Intrabloc trade effect, Trade diversion, Trade creation, Firm heterogeneity, Probability of exporting, Export performance, Logit, Probit, Fixed effect, Random effect, Tobit model, firm-specific effect, sunk cost, Hazard model

India in the Global and Regional Trade: Determinants of Aggregate and Bilateral Trade Flows and Firms' Decision to Export

This paper contributes to two strands of literature on empirical models of trade flowsand trade policy. The first and the older strand is that of gravity models of bilateraltrade flows going back to Hans Linneman (1966) and Tinbergen (1962) and its recentapplications, particularly by Adams et al (2003) and De Rosa (2007) in analyzing theimpact of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs). Our focus is on applying the gravitymodel to analyze India's trade flows (exports and imports) with its trading partnersaround the world and to examine the impact of various PTAs in which India or itstrading partner or both are members. Clearly this is of interest, since, from 1991 Indiais aggressively negotiating and concluding PTAs of which South Asian preferentialtrade (and later free trade) agreement is the most prominent. We find that India is notwell served by its pursuit of PTAs and should instead push for multilateral tradeliberalisation by contributing to conclusion of the Doha round of negotiations with anagreement beneficial to all WTO members.The second and the more recent strand is the analysis of trade flows using data onexports of individual firms. It is well known that in all countries of the worldrelatively few firms participate in world trade, thus suggesting that characteristics ofa firm (such as its size and productivity) are relevant besides country level barriers ontrade matter for participation in world trade. This strand is rapidly growing. Ours isone of the very few attempts at modeling and estimating the decision of Indian firmson their participation using firm level data. The paper reports on our preliminaryresults. We have also collected primary data from a sample survey of firms to explorethis issue deeper. While these data are yet to be fully analyzed, nevertheless somepreliminary descriptive tables summarizing them are included in an Appendix.PTAs/RTAs, Non-discriminatory trade liberalisation, Gravity model,Intrabloc trade effect, Trade diversion, Trade creation, Firm heterogeneity,Probability of exporting, Export performance, Logit, Probit, Fixed effect, Random effect, Tobit model, firm-specific effect, sunk cocost, Hazard model

India in the global and regional trade: determinants of aggregate and bilateral trade flows and firms’ decision to export’, Working Paper No

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Correction Equation for Hemoglobin Values Obtained Using Point of Care Tests—A Step towards Realistic Anemia Burden Estimates

Digital hemoglobinometers have been used as point-of-care tests (POCT) to estimate the burden of anemia in community-based studies and national-level surveys in India. As the accuracy of hemoglobin estimated in POCT varies, there is a need for adjustments to the POCT-hemoglobin to ensure they are closer to reality and are comparable. We used data (collected between 2016 and 2020) (N = 1145) from four studies from India: three among pregnant women and 6–59-month-old children from Haryana and the fourth from a national nutritional survey among 1–19-year-old children. We compared the same individuals’ POCT-hemoglobin (capillary blood) and automated hematology analyzers (AHA) hemoglobin (venous blood) and developed a predictive linear regression model to obtain the correction equation for POCT-hemoglobin. We analyzed paired data from 1145 participants. The correction equation for obtaining the true hemoglobin value = 3.35 + 0.71 × POCT-hemoglobin using capillary blood (adjusted R2—64.4% and mean squared error −0.841 g/dL). In comparison with the AHA-hemoglobin, the mean difference of POCT-hemoglobin was 0.2 g/dL, while with the predicted Hb obtained from the correction equation it was 0.01 g/dL. The correction equation was the first attempt at deriving the true hemoglobin values from the POCTs. There is a need for multi-country collaborative studies to improve the correction equation by adjusting for factors affecting hemoglobin estimation

Practice of L-Asparaginase Usage: A Survey among Healthcare Providers Treating Children with Cancer in India

Abstract Vasudeva Bhat K Introduction L-asparaginase is an essential chemotherapeutic agent in the therapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which has led to improvement in survival. In low- and middle-income countries like India, the outcomes in ALL are inferior compared with the published literature, one of the causes of which is believed to be due to the inferior quality of bioequivalent asparaginase. Objective The following survey attempts to understand the practice of using this agent among oncologists treating children with cancer in our country. Methods The researchers designed a structured online questionnaire comprising 25 aspects of L-asparaginase usage in the study. The questionnaire was directed to the healthcare providers involved in treating children with cancer in India. Results Of the total 80 responses recorded, 51 (64%) respondents had more than 5 years of experience in pediatric oncology and were treating at least 5 to 10 newly diagnosed ALL patients per month. Forty-one (51%) respondents utilized native asparaginase, and 21 (26.3%) oncologists used PEGylated-asparaginase exclusively. The most common route of administration was the intramuscular route (66.3%). Seventy percent of respondents utilized native form at a dose of 10,000 IU/m2 and 20% at 6,000 IU/m2. The amounts used for PEGylated L-asparaginase were 1,000,IU/m2, 2,500,IU/m2, and variable doses in 48, 40, and 10% of responses, respectively. Though serum asparaginase assay (SAA) was not measured routinely in most of the centers, 39 (48.8%) healthcare providers perceived performing SAA helps to make the clinical decision. Conclusion This survey shows a wide variation in L-asparaginase usage among healthcare providers caring for children with cancer in our country. As L-asparaginase is the pivotal component of ALL therapy, uniformity in its usage and dosing with the possibility of monitoring SAA due to the quality of bioequivalent may be one of the critical steps toward improving outcomes in ALL in our country