Additional file 1: of Pregnant women’s preferences for and concerns about preterm birth prevention: a cross-sectional survey

Questionnaire adminstered to women to assess their thoughts about and preferences for PTB prevention. (PDF 578 kb

The effects of various diets on glycemic outcomes during pregnancy: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

<div><p>Aims</p><p>Evidence to support dietary modifications to improve glycemia during pregnancy is limited, and the benefits of diet beyond limiting gestational weight gain is unclear. Therefore, a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials was conducted to compare the effects of various common diets, stratified by the addition of gestational weight gain advice, on fasting glucose and insulin, hemoglobin A1c (Hb_A1c), and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in pregnant women.</p><p>Methods</p><p>MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane database, and reference lists of published studies were searched through April 2017. Randomized trials directly comparing two or more diets for ≥2-weeks were eligible. Bayesian network meta-analysis was performed for fasting glucose. Owing to a lack of similar dietary comparisons, a standard pairwise meta-analysis for the other glycemic outcomes was performed. The certainty of the pooled effect estimates was assessed using the GRADE tool.</p><p>Results</p><p>Twenty-one trials (1,865 participants) were included. In general, when given alongside gestational weight gain advice, fasting glucose improved in most diets compared to diets that gave gestational weight gain advice only. However, fasting glucose increased in high unsaturated or monounsaturated fatty acids diets. In the absence of gestational weight gain advice, fasting glucose improved in DASH-style diets compared to standard of care. Although most were non-significant, similar trends were observed for these same diets for the other glycemic outcomes. Dietary comparisons ranged from moderate to very low in quality of evidence.</p><p>Conclusion/Interpretation</p><p>Alongside with gestational weight gain advice, most diets, with the exception of a high unsaturated or a high monounsaturated fatty acid diet, demonstrated a fasting glucose improvement compared with gestational weight gain advice only. When gestational weight gain advice was not given, the DASH-style diet appeared optimal on fasting glucose. However, a small number of trials were identified and most dietary comparisons were underpowered to detect differences in glycemic outcomes. Further studies that are high in quality and adequately powered are needed to confirm these findings.</p><p>Registration</p><p><b>PROSPERO</b> CRD42015026008</p></div

Difference in median effect with 95% credible intervals between diets given in addition to GWG advice on fasting glucose in mmol/l.

<p>Abbreviations: CHO, carbohydrate; LGI, low-glycemic index; LGL, low-glycemic load; GWG, gestational weight gain; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids. The value in each cell expresses the median difference and its 95% credible intervals between the dietary pattern in the column and the dietary pattern in the row (e.g. the median difference of the high-unsaturated fat diet compared to LGI/LGL diet is 0.33 mmol/L (95% CrIs = 0.08, 0.57 mmol/L).</p

Network geometry of trials that provided GWG advice in both arms and reported fasting glucose.

<p>Abbreviations: CHO, carbohydrate; LGI, low-glycemic index; LGL, low-glycemic load; GWG, gestational weight gain; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids. The colors of each node correspond to a different diet class: orange node represents diets that targeted macronutrient intake, blue nodes represent diets that targeted overall healthy eating, and green nodes represent diets that targeted GWG. The numbers above each line joining two comparators correspond to the number of trials that compare the treatments with the number of included participants expressed in brackets. Thickness of line represent the number of studies included for that dietary comparison. Distances between nodes are not meaningful.</p

Effect of fasting glucose between diets in trials that did not provide gestational weight gain advice in both dietary arms.

<p>Abbreviations: DASH, Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension. Fasting glucose is expressed in mmol/L. The value in each cell expresses the median difference (MeD) in fasting glucose with the 95% credible intervals (CrIs) in brackets between the diet in the column and the diet in the row (e.g. the MeD in fasting glucose between DASH-style diet compared to low-fat diet is -0.74 mmol/L (95% CrIs: -1.12, -0.36).</p

Flow of the literature search.

<p>Flow of the literature search.</p

Forest plots of controlled clinical trials investigating the effect of ginseng on homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.

<p>The diamond represents a pooled effect estimate. Paired analyses were applied to all crossover trials <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107391#pone.0107391-Elbourne1" target="_blank">[18]</a>. Data are mean differences (MD) with 95% CI. <i>P</i> values are for Generic Inverse Variance random effects models. Inter-study heterogeneity was tested by the Cochran Q statistic at a significance level of <i>P</i> <0.10 and quantified by the I² statistic, where I² ≥ 50% is considered to be evidence of substantial heterogeneity.</p

Forest plots of controlled clinical trials investigating the effect of ginseng on glycated hemoglobin.

<p>The diamond represents a pooled effect estimate. Paired analyses were applied to all crossover trial <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107391#pone.0107391-Elbourne1" target="_blank">[18]</a>. Data are mean differences (MD) with 95% CI. <i>P</i> values are for Generic Inverse Variance random effects models. Inter-study heterogeneity was tested by the Cochran Q statistic at a significance level of <i>P</i> <0.10 and quantified by the I² statistic, where I² ≥ 50% is considered to be evidence of substantial heterogeneity.</p

Flow of the literature search for the effect of ginseng on glycemic outcomes (FBG, FPI, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR).

<p>Flow of the literature search for the effect of ginseng on glycemic outcomes (FBG, FPI, HbA1c, and HOMA-IR).</p

Characteristics of Studies Investigating the Effect of Ginseng on Glycemic Outcomes.

<p>Abbreviations: T1DM – Type 1 Diabetes mellitus; T2DM – Type 2 Diabetes mellitus; Pre-DM – Pre-diabetes Mellitus; EHPT – Essential hypertension; F – Female; M – Male; BMI – Body mass index; C – Control group; T – Treatment group; T1 – Treatment group #1; T2 – Treatment group #2; T3 – Treatment group #3; IP – Inpatient; OP – Outpatient; MQS – Heyland Methodological Quality Score; N/R – Not reported.</p><p>*Studies by Sotaniemi et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107391#pone.0107391-Sotaniemi1" target="_blank">[7]</a>, Yoon et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107391#pone.0107391-Yoon1" target="_blank">[30]</a>, and Reeds et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107391#pone.0107391-Reeds1" target="_blank">[25]</a> contained multiple comparisons, and to mitigate unit-of-analysis error, we combined groups to create a single pairwise comparison.</p>†<p>Pre-DM included subjects with either Impaired Fasting Glucose or Impared Glucose Tolerance.</p>‡<p>Pre-study baseline BMI is listed. The study by Rhee et al. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107391#pone.0107391-Rhee1" target="_blank">[26]</a> did not report SD for the mean BMI of participants.</p>§<p>Pre-study baseline endpoints are listed. In studies were these values were not reported, the start value of control was assumed to be equivalent to baseline and was reported. Where start of control value was not given, of control value was assumed to be equivalent to baseline and was reported. Assumed values are reported in bold. The study by Reay et al. (a) & (b) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0107391#pone.0107391-Reay1" target="_blank">[24]</a> used n = 23 and n = 14 respectively for reporting data on fasting blood glucose, n = 17 and n = 12 respectively for reporting data on fasting plasma insulin, and n = 18 and n = 11 respectively for reporting data on HbA1c.</p><p>∥Ginseng dose is reported individually for trials with multiple treatment groups.</p>¶<p>All ginseng doses were compared to placebo, a control group that did not receive ginseng, or fermented soybean.</p><p>**Study quality was assessed by the Heyland Methodological Quality Score (MQS) and trials with a score ≥ 8 were considered to be of high quality.</p>††<p>Agency funding is that from government, university or not-for-profit health agency sources. None of the trialists declared conflicts of interest.</p><p>All data is expressed as mean ± SD.</p><p>Characteristics of Studies Investigating the Effect of Ginseng on Glycemic Outcomes.</p