Day and night average values of blood pressure and heart rate in 3- or 9-mo male mice.

<p>Data are presented as mean ± SEM for n observations per group. Shaded values represent dark/night period (activity period in mice). The day averages were calculated as mean values from 9 to 20 h/individual, while dark period extends from 21 h to 8 h/individual. Difference between groups was analyzed using Two-way ANOVA (maternal diet, adult diet and interaction effect). P<i><</i>0.05 was considered significant while NS stands for not significant. <i>Bonferroni</i> post-test has been performed to assess statistical significant difference within variables.</p><p>*P<0.05 compared to their respective control.</p

Body weight and Plasma parameters.

<p>Data show mean ± SEM for n observations per group in the 2 experimental protocols at different time points. Difference between groups was analyzed using Two-way ANOVA (maternal diet, adult diet and interaction effect). P<0.05 was considered significant while NS stands for not significant. Bonferroni post-test has been performed to assess statistically significant difference within variables.</p><p>*P<0.05 compared to their respective control.</p

Long-term recording blood pressures and heart rate in 9-mo male C57BL6 mice (<i>exp1</i>).

<p>Recording of SBP (A), DBP (B) pressure and HR (C) were assessed during 24 h in n = 5 animals per group. Values are presented as mean values of SBP, DBP and HR calculated for each 60-minutes sequence of recording. Shaded zone on the X-axis indicates night period (activity period for mice).</p

Atherosclerosis plaque area assessment in aortic root of 6-mo LDLr−/− male mice.

<p>(A) Representative images of oil red-O staining of the aortic root sections in the 4 experimental groups (scale bar = 200 µm). (B) The plaque area values are presented as mean values ± SEM for n = 6 animals per group. Two-way ANOVA indicates a significant influence of post-weaning OB diet (P = 0.0002) on plaque surface.</p

Blood glucose concentration and area under the curve (AUC) during intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test.

<p>The test was performed in 3-mo (A and B), 9-mo (C and D) C57BL6 male mice and 6-mo LDLr−/− (E and F). Values are presented as mean ± SEM with n = 5 to 8 individuals per group. Statistical analysis by Two-way ANOVA indicates a significant influence of post-weaning OB diet for AUCs at 3-mo (B; P<0.0001) and 9-mo (D; P<0.0001) in C57BL6 mice (<i>exp 1)</i> and at 6-mo (F; P<0.0001) in LDLr−/− mice (<i>exp 2)</i>.</p

Short-term recording of SBP and HR after an acute treatment with L-NAME (A–D) and phenylephrine (E–H).

<p>Recording of cardiovascular parameters was assessed in 9-mo male C57BL6 mice (<i>exp1</i>) during 1 h in n = 5 animals per group. Values are presented as mean values of SBP or HR ± SEM calculated for each 5 minutes sequence of recording. Arrows indicate the time of injection. Δ values of SBP and HR were calculated by subtracting the mean values of the 5 time-point after to the mean values of the 5 time-point before injection. Statistical analysis by Two-way ANOVA indicates a significant influence of post-weaning OB diet (P = 0.0127) as well as a significant influence of maternal LP diet (P = 0.0429) for ΔHR after phenylephrine treatment.</p

Relative abundance of gene mRNA assessed in livers of 6-mo LDLr−/− male mice.

<p>Values are presented as mean relative abundance ± SEM for n = 6 animals per group. Two-way ANOVA indicated a significant influence of post weaning OB diet for SREBP-1c (P = 0.0002), HMG-CoA synthase (P = 0.004) and PPARγ (P = 0.0002) as well as a significant influence of maternal LP diet for SREBP-2 (P = 0.034) and HMG-CoA synthase (P = 0.0406). HMG-CoA reductase showed a significant interaction effect (P = 0.0243). Bonferroni post-test has been performed to assess statistical differences in mRNA relative abundance within chow fed vs. OB fed animals within C and LP groups. * P<0.05 and ** P<0.01.</p

Immune cell infiltration in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and patient outcome: a retrospective study

<p><b>Background:</b> Human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence in oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is on the rise. HPV-linked OPSCCs represent a distinct clinical entity with a better treatment response and patient survival compared to tumors not linked to HPV. An emerging role in treatment response has been attributed to immune cell infiltration in human tumors. In this study, we investigated immune cell infiltration in human SCC of the head and neck region and its relation to overall survival after treatment with surgery (with or without radiotherapy) or concomitant chemo (or cetuximab)-radiotherapy.</p> <p><b>Materials and methods:</b> Paraffin-embedded tumor samples of 136 patients with SCC of the larynx, hypopharynx, oral cavity and oropharynx were processed for immunohistochemical detection of CD3⁺ T-cells, CD8⁺ cytotoxic T-cells, CD20⁺ B-cells and CD163⁺ M2 macrophages within the tumor infiltrated area. Clinico-pathological data were analyzed as a function of tumor location and p16-status. Immune cell infiltration was represented as stained area on the whole tumor infiltrated area, compared for the different tumor locations and correlated to patient survival.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Patients with oropharynx tumors expressing significant p16 levels (p16-sg) had a 5-year overall survival of 85% compared to 43% for patients with no significant p16 (p16-ns) expression (HR: 0.3 – 95% CI: 0.1–0.6). Median immune cell infiltration (T- and B-lymphocytes) was significantly elevated in p16-sg oropharyngeal tumors, compared to p16-ns oropharyngeal tumors and to all other head and neck tumor locations. No difference in CD163⁺ macrophage infiltration was observed across the different patient groups. In the whole population, a high infiltration by CD3⁺ T-lymphocytes was associated to a significantly (<i>p</i> = .03; HR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.4–0.97) better overall survival.</p> <p><b>Conclusion:</b> Oropharynx cancer with significant p16 expression showed an increased overall survival and elevated T- and B-lymphocyte infiltration, which suggests a prognostic relevance of immune cell infiltration.</p