Inefficiencies in regional commuting policy.

This paper discusses investments in transport infrastructure and incentives for commuting taxes in a multiregional setting. We study the horizontal and vertical interactions between governments. We identify incentives for strategic and tax exporting behavior that might lead to underinvestment in transport infrastructure. Furthermore, we show that the intensity of the strategic behavior is affected by geographic firm ownership structure, the number of labor-supplying regions and the revenue-sharing mechanism in the federation. A numerical example applies the insights on commuting in Belgium.

Regional government competition and incentives for commuting taxes and transport investments

This paper discusses incentives for investments in transport infrastructure and commuting subsidies in a multi-region framework. Responsibilities of fiscal treatment of commuting expenses, public provision of road infrastructure and road pricing are distributed among different levels of government. The incentives of governments are discussed in a setting with commuting from a peripheral, less productive area to an urban agglomeration or city center. The interactions between investment in transport infrastructure, road pricing and commuting subsidies are analyzed. First, the optimal number of commuters from the point of view of the federation is derived in a first best situation. When a tax on labor is levied to finance the investment in transportation, a commuting subsidy can correct the labor tax distortion and the first best outcome can be obtained. However, when the peripheral region is in control of the transport policy and perceives its position as a dominant supplier of labor, the regional government will have an incentive to strategically restrict the number of commuters. This will lead to a commuting tax. In addition, there will be underinvestment in infrastructure investment. The city government faces different incentives. On the one hand, profits made in the city increase with the commuting flow. Assuming profits are captured locally, the city thus benefits from a higher number of commuters. On the other hand, the city can raise tax revenues by taxing commuters. Therefore, tax exporting behavior can be one of the drivers of the city’s transport policy. The result is a situation where the city invests in transport infrastructure to attract commuters and sets a tax on commuters to raise government revenues. We show that the intensity of the regional strategic behavior is affected by firm ownership structure, the number of labor-supplying regions and the revenue-sharing mechanism in the federation. The paper also looks into vertical tax competition and identifies possibilities for the federal government to correct the incentive structure through mechanism design. A numerical example illustrates the insights for commuting in Belgium.

Efficiency and equity aspects of energy taxation

We analyse the distributional effects of increased oil excises in Belgium by combining a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model with the EUROMOD microsimulation framework that exploits the rich detail of household-level data. The link between the CGE model and the micro level is top-down, feeding changes in commodity prices, factor returns and employment by sector into a non-behavioural microsimulation. The results suggest that policymakers face an equity-efficiency trade-off driven by the choice of revenue recycling options. Distributional effects of the environmental tax reform appear to depend strongly on changes in factor prices and welfare payments

Efficiency and equity aspects of energy taxation

We analyse the distributional effects of increased oil excises in Belgium by combining a regional Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model with a microsimulation framework that exploits the rich detail of household-level data. The results suggest that policymakers face an equity-efficiency trade-off driven by the choice of revenue recycling options. Regional impact variation appears to be substantial

A Remark on the Twin “Paradox”

The Twin “Paradox” is investigated using a method that emphasises the symmetry between the twins. All the calculations are performed using the Schwarzschild metric, making the result valid in General Relativity as well in the special case of Minkowski space

Weak-Field Gravity of Circular Cosmic Strings

A weak-field solution of Einstein's equations is constructed. It is generated by a circular cosmic string externally supported against collapse. The solution exhibits a conical singularity, and the corresponding deficit angle is the same as for a straight string of the same linear energy density. This confirms the deficit-angle assumption made in the Frolov-Israel-Unruh derivation of the metric describing a string loop at a moment of time symmetry.Comment: 15 page

On the Time Evolution of some Robinson-Trautman Line Elements

We present a review of some aspects of the linearised Robinson-Trautman metrics, mainly the study of the initial-value problem and a long-term expansion of a special case of these line elements. The problem of wire-singularities is also considered

Advancing The Financial Sustainability of Civil Society in Africa

Civil society in Africa is facing financial sustainability challenges. In this article, we share valuable lessons from a Shared Learning Convening on Alternative Funding Models for Civil Society Organisations. It explores ideas towards creating more financial sustainability and effective civil society space in Africa. This Op-Ed enforces the idea that civil society organisations can only be sustainable if they become more relevant to their constituencies, so that they could fund them.

Elevating your Organisational Effectiveness

The outbreak of the COVID-19 (Coronavirus) pandemic has presented unprecedented challenges to the organisational health of community-based organisations (CBOs) especially in the global south. CBOs are important public health system stakeholders as they provide numerous, often highly valued COVID-19 response services to the members of their communities. The Coronavirus pandemic has broadened and increased the complexities related to the operations and strategic focus for most CBOs. Therefore, concerns about CBOs' capacity for sustainability have become essential as it has significant implications for achieving the sustainable development goals

10 Social Impact Tips for Start-up CSOs

The phrase 'back to the basics' is a stark reminder of the importance of enhancing capacity. Capacity strengthening is the basic foundational pillar that ensures the viability of an organisation. Interestingly, we often must be reminded of the importance of building our organisation's capacity.Just like in the business sphere, CSOs are formed with the intention of operating successfully and sustainably. The only difference is that the formation of CSOs is often driven by a social need or a community problem instead of a profit motive. Therefore, capacity development is essential to ensure that CSOs do not only survive but also thrive