Adventure Awaits & Sugar, Spice & Everything Nice

Adventure Awaits These photos were taken on my vacation to Hawaii. Upon taking a heli- copter ride I got to see where lava was once flowing, but where it now sits dormant, still steaming and red. Along a winding narrow road we came upon what is called the “Grand Canyon of Hawaii,” which is full of deep slots in the hill sides and marvelous views of land stretching to the ocean. The nature of these beautiful islands will never cease to amaze me. Sugar, Spice & Everything Nice This series of self-portraits explores the many facets of femininity. By exploring different moods and emotions through lighting and compositions, I hoped to demonstrate that a woman cannot be confined to a single category

Relationship among concentrations of milk urea nitrogen and plasma urea nitrogen and feeding time

Eight Holstein cows were used to determine the relationship among milk urea nitrogen (MUN), plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), and feeding time. We first established that MUN concentrations were similar in concentration among quarters by comparing milk samples from each quarter just before milking. In order to determine if collecting a sample of milk from a quarter influenced the MUN in samples taken later, samples were obtained from the right front quarter (RF) at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hr after the AM milking and from the left front quarter (LF), right rear (RR), and left rear (LR) at 4, 6, and 8 h after the AM milking, respectively. The MUN in samples obtained from RF at 4 hr was lower (P\u3c0.01) than corresponding samples taken from LF, but samples from RF at 6 and 8 hr did not differ from corresponding samples obtained from RR and LR. We concluded that by 6 hr, the effect of previous milking on MUN concentration disappeared because of dilution. To determine the influence of feeding time on MUN concentrations, cows were fed half of their normal PM feeding, injected with oxytocin at the subsequent AM milking to reduce residual milk, and offered surplus feed after the AM milking. Milk samples were collected at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hr after feeding from RF, LF, RR, LR, RF, and LF quarters, respectively. Blood samples were obtained from the coccygeal vein at hourly intervals after feeding with the last sample collected 12 hr after feeding. The MUN concentrations at 2, 4, 6, and 8 hr were similar. The MUN at 10 hr was similar to those at 2 and 8 hr, less than that at 4 and 6 hr, and greater than that for the 12 hr sample. Concentrations of PUN peaked at 2 hr postfeeding, then gradually declined through 12 hr postfeeding. The MUN peaked at 6 hr postfeeding and then declined. Time after feeding significantly influenced PUN and MUN concentrations.; Dairy Day, 2000, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2000

Evaluate the efficacy of heat stress audits of your cooling system through core body temperature

A project to evaluate the degree of heat stress in individual dairies was carried out in the summer of 2005. The object of this project was to develop a method to evaluate or audit how effective an individual dairy is in manag-ing heat stress. Approximately 45 herds in 20 different states were audited for the degree of heat stress cows experienced during a 72-hr period. Dairies were selected based on geog-raphy, climate, and facility design. Lactating cows 40 to 100 days in milk (DIM) and dry cows within 30 days of calving were evalu-ated. Vaginal temperatures of 8 cows located in the same group were collected every 5 min by using data loggers (HOBO U12®) attached to a vaginally placed insert (blank CIDR®). Ambient climatic data were collected on the project dairies by using logging devices that collected temperature and relative humidity at 5-min intervals. Census data were collected at each dairy, and included pen sizes, milking frequency, milking times, average milk pro-duction, DIM, parity, holding-pen design, and timing of cow movements. Data were im-ported into Excel (Microsoft, Redmond, WA) as individual cow files aligned by time. The data for an individual cow were then averaged with all other cows in the pen in hourly incre-ments over a 24-hr period. Each hour of the 24-hr period is then a summary of that hour on 3 consecutive days, with 8 devices contribut-ing 12 points per hour per day to the sum-mary. So each hour is a summary of 12 data points x 8 cows x 3 days, or 288 data points per hour. Information was summarized graphically in PowerPoint (Microsoft, Red-mond, WA) and presented to the individual producers, along with recommendations on how to improve their heat-stress abatement practices. The project was not designed as a controlled experiment; therefore, caution is advised in over-interpreting the results. That being said, the project does demonstrate the feasibility and usefulness of using intra-vaginal temperature recording to monitor how well an; Dairy Day, 2006, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2006

Impact of frequency of feedline soaking combined with evaporative air cooling in a humid environment

Heat stress in hot and humid environments reduces milk production, decreases reproduction, and increases health-related problems. The summertime environment in north-central Florida is especially difficult because the combination of high relative humidity and high temperature results in a temperaturehumidity index (THI) above the critical value of 72 for significant portions of the day. Previous work at Kansas State University had shown that the combination of soaking and evaporative air cooling could effectively cool heat-stressed cattle. Effectiveness of this feedline soaking, either in the afternoon and at night, or only at night, in combination with evaporative cooling was evaluated on a commercial dairy located in north-central Florida. A high-pressure fogging system and feedline soakers were installed in a typical 4-row freestall barn equipped with tunnel ventilation creating a north to south airflow of 6 to 8 mph at the cow level. Eight lactating Holstein cows in each of two, 292-stall pens were selected and fitted with vaginal temperature probes. Data on vaginal temperature and respiration rate were used to evaluate two cooling treatments. Barn temperature averaged 74.8 ± 5.4ºF, relative humidity was 84.6 ± 15.4 %, and THI was 74.7 ± 5.3 during the study. The evaporative cooling system reduced average barn temperature by 0.9ºF and reduced afternoon temperatures by a maximum of 9.2ºF. Average respiration rates were less (58.5 vs. 66.9 breaths/min) in the afternoon and night soaking treatment, compared with the respiration rate of cattle in the night soaking treatment. Differences were greatest at the 10:00 p.m. observation (55.0 vs. 73.3 breaths/min). Average vaginal temperature was also less (102.0 vs. 102.6°F) in the afternoon and night soaking treatment. Our results indicate that the combination of cooling the air via a highpressure fogging system and feedline soaking reduced heat stress experienced by dairy cattle. Using feedline soaking during the afternoon and night was more effective than soaking only at night.; Dairy Day, 2005, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 2005; Dairy Research, 2005 is known as Dairy Day, 200

An Overview of Factors Determining How Milk is Priced at the Farm

6 pp.The price farmers receive for raw (unprocessed, unpasteurized) milk is largely determined by supply and demand forces that are influenced by federal and state dairy programs. Prior to January 2000, class prices under Federal Orders (FOs) were calculated from competitive pay prices for Grade B milk in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Currently, product price formulas are in place which set the price for milk components under FOs. Milk utilization patterns in the Federal Order market area, in which farm milk is sold, dictates the type of pricing system used to determine the price received for raw milk. The state of Arizona belongs to the Arizona-Las Vegas marketing area. This marketing area encompasses all of the state of Arizona and Clark County, Nevada. This particular Federal order (131, and three others, 5, 6, & 7) use the skim milk/butterfat pricing system. The price to producers is the average of class prices weighted by market wide utilization. Uniform prices are announced at 3.5% butterfat at the base zone, which is Phoenix, for Federal Order marker 131