Poverty and the Environment: Exploring the Relationship between Household Incomes, Private Assets, and Natural Assets

Using purpose-collected survey data from 537 households in 60 different villages of the Jhabua district of India, this paper investigates the extent to which rural households depend on common-pool natural resources for their daily livelihood. Previous studies have found that resource dependence— defined as the fraction of total income derived from common-pool resources—strongly decreases with income. Our study finds a more complex relationship. First, for the subsample of households that use positive amounts of resources, we find that dependence follows a U-shaped relationship with income, declining at first but then increasing. Second, we find that the probability of being in the subsample of common-pool resource users follows an inverse U-shaped relationship with income: the poorest and richest households are less likely to collect resources than those with intermediate incomes. Resource use by the rich is therefore bimodal: either very high or—for the very richest households—zero. Third, we find that resource dependence increases at all income levels with an increase in the level of common-pool biomass availability. The combination of these results suggests that the quality of natural resources matters to a larger share of the rural population than had been previously believed; common-pool resources contribute a significant fraction of the income not just of the desperately poor, but also of the relatively rich.

Contrarian Investment Strategies in a European Context

In this paper we study value strategies for four European countries (France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom).We find an outperformance for all four value variables which are investigated: the earnings-to-price (E/P) ratio, the cash-flow-to-price (CF/P) ratio, the book-to-market (B/M) ratio and the dividend yield.This outperformance is especially remarkable for the CF/P ratio, which amounts to 20.8% between the top and bottom quintiles in an univariate model.In a regression analysis, in which all four value variables as well as a correction for the size effect are taken into account, we find a difference of 11.8% for the CF/P ratio.We demonstrate that this result can not be explained by risk differences alone.Our findings confirm the outperformance of value strategies as found earlier by Chan, Hamao and Lakonishok (1991) and Lakonishok, Shleifer and Vishny (1994) for Japan and the United States respectively.international financial markets;capital asset pricing;investment

The Dividend and Share Repurchase Policies of Canadian Firms

We empirically investigate dividend and share repurchase policies of Canadian firms. We have sent aquestionnaire to the 500 largest non-financial Canadian companies listed on the Toronto StockExchange, of which 191 usable responses were returned. These data are used to measure firmcharacteristics. We use several logit regression analyses to test the structure and determinants of thedividend and share repurchase choice. Our results are consistent with a structure in which thecompany first decides whether it wants to pay out cash to its shareholders or not. In the second stagethe firm decides on the form of the payout: dividends, share repurchases or both. Payout is determinedby free cash flow. The choice for dividends and repurchases depends on behavioral and taxpreferences. Furthermore, the payout is less likely to be dividends if the company has executive stockoption plans. Finally, we find evidence for the Brennan and Thakor (1990) model. According to thismodel the existence of asymmetric information amongst outsiders is associated with a preference fordividend payments over share repurchases.dividends;nested logit models;payout decisions;share repurchases;strategic financial decisions

The Dividend and Share Repurchase Policies of Canadian Firms: Empirical Evidence based on New Research Design

We empirically investigate dividend and share repurchase policies of Canadian firms. We use several logit regression analyses to test the structure and determinants of the dividend and share repurchase choice. We have sent a questionnaire to the 500 largest non-financial Canadian companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange, of which 191 usable responses were returned. These data are used to measure firm characteristics. Our results are consistent with a structure in which the company first decides whether it wants to pay out cash to its shareholders or not. In the second stage the firm decides on the form of the payout: dividends, share repurchases or both. Payout is determined by free cash flow. The type of payout depends on behavioral and tax preferences. Furthermore, the payout is less likely to be dividends if the company has executive stock option plans. Finally, we find evidence for the Brennan and Thakor (1990) model. According to this model the existence of asymmetric information amongst outsiders is associated with a preference for dividend payments over share repurchases.dividend policy;shares