Marginal social cost pricing for all transport modes and the effects of modal budget constraints.

Constraint; Cost; Effects; Pricing; Transport; Working;

Atomistic Congestion Tolls at Concentrated Airports? Seeking a Unified View in the Internalization Debate

The goal of this paper is to bring some unity to the theoretical side of the debate on internalization of airport congestion by showing that all the literature’s theoretical results can be derived within one simple and unified framework. The analysis starts by replicating the results of Brueckner (2002), who showed that, because airlines behaving in Cournot fashion internalize congestion, they should be charged low congestion tolls. The analysis then validates the findings of Daniel (1995), who argued that larger atomistic tolls are required in a model where a Stackelberg leader interacts with competitive fringe airlines. However, it is shown that this result only holds approximately when the carriers’ outputs are imperfect substitutes.

Private port pricing and public investment in port and hinterland capacity.

Investment; Pricing; Decisions; Decision; Transport;

Congestion and tax competition in a parallel network.

Competition; Working;

Caracterização de massa básica de requeijão obtida por acidificação direta a quente a partir de leite lactosehidrolisado.

Resumo: O requeijão cremoso é um produto tipicamente brasileiro e de consumo crescente. Assim como outros produtos lácteos, também já se encontra no mercado o requeijão com teor reduzido de lactose para atender aos consumidores com restrição de consumo deste carboidrato. Uma das tecnologias de produção da massa básica usada na fabricação deste queijo processado é a precipitação ácida a quente, bastante difundida nos laticínios do país. Neste trabalho está apresentada a caracterização física, química e microbiológica de massas básicas obtidas por precipitação ácida a quente a partir de leite desnatado e de leite desnatado lactosehidrolisado, para o posterior emprego na fabricação de requeijões com teores reduzidos ou não de lactose. Os dados deste trabalho representam importantes informações sobre a massa obtida por um processo com maior rendimento, para contribuir com profissionais da área no desenvolvimento de inovações em requeijões e outros queijos processados com baixos teores de lactose

Rationale, design and methods for a randomised and controlled trial to evaluate "Animal Fun" - a program designed to enhance physical and mental health in young children

Background: Children with poor motor ability have been found to engage less in physical activities than other children, and a lack of physical activity has been linked to problems such as obesity, lowered bone mineral density and cardiovascular risk factors. Furthermore, if children are confident with their fine and gross motor skills, they are more likely to engage in physical activities such as sports, crafts, dancing and other physical activity programs outside of the school curriculum which are important activities for psychosocial development. The primary objective of this project is to comprehensively evaluate a whole of class physical activity program called Animal Fun designed for Pre-Primary children. This program was designed to improve the child's movement skills, both fine and gross, and their perceptions of their movement ability, promote appropriate social skills and improve social-emotional development. Methods: The proposed randomized and controlled trial uses a multivariate nested cohort design to examine the physical (motor coordination) and psychosocial (self perceptions, anxiety, social competence) outcomes of the program. The Animal Fun program is a teacher delivered universal program incorporating animal actions to facilitate motor skill and social skill acquisition and practice. Pre-intervention scores on motor and psychosocial variables for six control schools and six intervention schools will be compared with post-intervention scores (end of Pre-Primary year) and scores taken 12 months later after the children's transition to primary school Year 1. 520 children aged 4.5 to 6 years will be recruited and it is anticipated that 360 children will be retained to the 1 year follow-up. There will be equal numbers of boys and girls.Discussion: If this program is found to improve the child's motor and psychosocial skills, this will assist in the child's transition into the first year of school. As a result of these changes, it is anticipated that children will have greater enjoyment participating in physical activities which will further promote long term physical and mental health

Marginal social cost pricing for all transport modes and the effects of modal budget constraints

This paper studies the order of magnitude of the pricing corrections that are needed to implement marginal social cost pricing for all transport modes. With the TRENEN model we study this question for 6 areas in the EU. As marginal social cost pricing may generate important surpluses and deficits for the different modes, we also study the effects of two alternative pricing rules that satisfy budget constraints. We examine the effects of average cost pricing that guarantees a budget balance per mode. The second alternative pricing rule we study is social Ramsey pricing (or marginal social cost pricing with a budget constraint) where we impose a budget constraint at the level of the transport sector. We estimate transport effects and welfare effects of the three pricing rules. We show that average pricing rules may actually do worse than the present pricing rules and that social Ramsey pricing may achieve 50% or more of the maximal welfare gain.status: publishe

Atomistic congestion tolls at concentrated airports? Seeking a unified view in the internalization debate

The goal of this paper is to bring some unity to the theoretical side of the debate on internalization of airport congestion by showing that all the literature's theoretical results can be derived within one simple and unified framework. The analysis starts by replicating the results of Brueckner [Brueckner, J.K., 2002. Airport congestion when carriers have market power. American Economic Review 92, 1357-1375], who showed that, because airlines behaving in Cournot fashion internalize congestion, they should be charged low congestion tolls. The analysis then validates the findings of Daniel [Daniel, J.I., 1995. Congestion pricing and capacity of large hub airports: A bottleneck model with stochastic queues. Econometrica 63, 327-370], who argued that larger atomistic tolls are required in a model where a Stackelberg leader interacts with competitive fringe airlines. However, it is shown that this result only holds approximately when the carriers' outputs are imperfect substitutes.