Studies on the concept, knowledge and attitude of the rational use of medicines among the sixth semester 2nd MBBS student of Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Porompat, Imphal, Manipur, India

Background: The present study was designed to accesses the concept, knowledge and attitude of rational use of medicine among the  sixth semester  2nd MBBS students with the aim to install rational use of medicine amongst the prescriber right from the grass root level.Methods: The study has been conducted in Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences Porompat, Imphal, Manipur during 2015-2016 session. The studies has been organised in accordance with World Health Organisation (WHO) Good Prescribing Guide. The students were subjected to presented questionnaire on concept, knowledge and attitude on the rational use of medicine. The design of the study is simple cross sectional study. Percentage, proportions and means are used for descriptive statistics while the associations are calculated using corresponding tests for the associations.Results: The majority of the students have a clear cut concept in the present studies (96.7%); integration with other subject (80.3%); usefulness in the future practice (98.3%); initiative and willingness  (91.0%); learning the topic in the MBBS course (95.0%); out of the total questionnaire of 61, only 7 questions on concept, knowledge and attitude have been selected for further analysis. 3.2% do not have the knowledge of RUMs; 13.1% do not feel necessary to integrate with other subjects; 8.1% are indecisive, 4.91% do not feel necessary to learn RUMs; 16.3% do not have any idea about the role of evaluation.Conclusions: The present study will enlightened the young energetic medical students to practice rational use of medicine and improves WHO Good prescribing method and rational pharmacotherapy skills in the future

A study of antibiotic used in paediatric inpatients at Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences, Manipur: a retrospective study

Background: The therapy of antibiotics among the paediatric patients may produce any type of adverse effects as the organs of infants and children are immature and the genetic constituents are also not fully known. The empirical use of antibiotic may also produce antibiotic resistance. Aim was to study the prescribing pattern of antibiotics among the paediatric patients.Methods: It was a retrospective, observational study for a period of six months. The collected data included age, sex, diagnosis and line of management. Generic name and average cost of treatment per patient was evaluated by using CIMS 2019 and Bhartiya Jan Aushadhi Pariyojna. The descriptive statistics was applied for the detail data analysis.Results: Bed head tickets (BHTs) of 560 inpatients was examined. The common diagnosis were AGE (193; 34.4%) and ARI (60; 10.7%). The route of administration were oral 279 (49.8%) and parenteral 281 (50.1%). The duration of hospital stay were in between 5 days (141; 25.1%) to 7 days (61; 10.8%). The minimum and maximum age of the patient were 3 months and 12 years respectively. The most common antibiotic used was ceftriaxone and metronidazole. The number of patient received single antibiotic was 295 (52.6%) and multiple used was 265 (47.3%). The number of antibiotic prescribed from NLEM and Pariyojna were 9 and 13 respectively. The average cost of treatment per patient was Rs. 345.00 (CIMS) and Rs. 119.90 (Pariyojna) approximately.Conclusions: The antibiotics prescribed by generic name was not satisfactory. The proposal for wide awareness programme may be suggested to the concerned authority for improving the prescribing practice among the physicians at different levels

Pharmacovigilance studies on the basic knowledge, practice and attitude among the second year MBBS students of Jawaharlal Nehru institute of medical sciences, Porompat, Manipur, India

Background: The recent advancement in the field of Medicine and Pharmaceutical sciences, the adverse effects of Medicine is a challenge among the medical fraternity. The objective of this study was to study the knowledge, Practice and attitude of ADRs among the second year MBBS students with the aim to find out the means for implementation of pharmacovigilance programme of India (PvPi).Methods: The pretested questionnaire on knowledge, practice, attitude on Pharmacovigilance. The design of the study is cross sectional study. Percentage, proportions and means are used for descriptive statistics while the associations are calculated using corresponding tests for the associations.Results: The knowledge of the students on pharmacovigilance in connection with over the counter/self-medication(52%); minimum need of surveillance on marketing(74%); present surveillance on marketing 60%; need of CME on ADRs along with pharmacovigilance among student (64%) as the ADRs on elderly (57%), children (58%), Pregnancy (64%). Out of 24 questions on attitude, only 7 questions on reporting, multinational company, drug controller of India, disability and compensation are selected for statistical analysis. The percentage of the students who has heard and seen ADRs is 64.5.Conclusions: If there is good communication and reports; most of the ADRs are avoidable and plays a pivotal role in minimising the ADRs. Drugs must be prescribed rationally and poly pharmacy should be discouraged and avoided as much as possible. To avoid the ADRs, pharmacovigilance is a matter of great concern for the health care providers and for the general mass too

Hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of Pavetta Indica Linn leaves

Background: Traditionally, the bark of Pavetta Indica Linn., in decoction or pulverized, is administered, especially to children, to correct visceral obstructions. The decocted leaves are used externally to alleviate the pains caused by hemorrhoids. The root, pulverized and mixed with the ginger and rice-water, is given in dropsy. A local fomentation with the leaves is useful in relieving the pain of piles. Paracetamol (PCM) toxicity generates free radicals and raised serum enzyme levels-SGPT, SGOT, Alkaline Phosphatase and S. Albumin. It causes necrosis, congested vessels, multifocal area of fatty changes nuclear disintegration, sinusoidal dilation, kuffer cell hyperplasia. The reverse is considered as the index of hepatoprotective activity. The present study is being taken up to screen hepatoprotective action of P. Indica Linn.Methods: The acute liver damage in albino rats was induced by per oral administration of a single dose of 2000mg/kg b.w. PCM suspension in 0.5% Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) and chronic liver damage by giving the same dose of PCM on the 7th day. The hepatoprotective activity was monitored biochemically by estimating S. transaminase, S. bilirubin and S. Protein on the 8th day of experiment.Results: Ethanol extract of P. Indica inhibited PCM induced liver toxicity in albino rats at 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg b.w as assessed by the biochemical values.Conclusions: Ethanol extract of “P. Indica” exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity

Hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of Pavetta Indica Linn leaves

Background: Traditionally, the bark of Pavetta Indica Linn., in decoction or pulverized, is administered, especially to children, to correct visceral obstructions. The decocted leaves are used externally to alleviate the pains caused by hemorrhoids. The root, pulverized and mixed with the ginger and rice-water, is given in dropsy. A local fomentation with the leaves is useful in relieving the pain of piles. Paracetamol (PCM) toxicity generates free radicals and raised serum enzyme levels-SGPT, SGOT, Alkaline Phosphatase and S. Albumin. It causes necrosis, congested vessels, multifocal area of fatty changes nuclear disintegration, sinusoidal dilation, kuffer cell hyperplasia. The reverse is considered as the index of hepatoprotective activity. The present study is being taken up to screen hepatoprotective action of P. Indica Linn.Methods: The acute liver damage in albino rats was induced by per oral administration of a single dose of 2000mg/kg b.w. PCM suspension in 0.5% Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) and chronic liver damage by giving the same dose of PCM on the 7th day. The hepatoprotective activity was monitored biochemically by estimating S. transaminase, S. bilirubin and S. Protein on the 8th day of experiment.Results: Ethanol extract of P. Indica inhibited PCM induced liver toxicity in albino rats at 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg b.w as assessed by the biochemical values.Conclusions: Ethanol extract of “P. Indica” exhibited significant hepatoprotective activity