2,953 research outputs found
Computer-based communication in support of scientific and technical work
Results are reported of the first experiments for a computer conference management information system at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Between August 1975 and March 1976, two NASA projects with geographically separated participants (NASA scientists) used the PLANET computer conferencing system for portions of their work. The first project was a technology assessment of future transportation systems. The second project involved experiments with the Communication Technology Satellite. As part of this project, pre- and postlaunch operations were discussed in a computer conference. These conferences also provided the context for an analysis of the cost of computer conferencing. In particular, six cost components were identified: (1) terminal equipment, (2) communication with a network port, (3) network connection, (4) computer utilization, (5) data storage and (6) administrative overhead
CO and C_2 Absorption Toward W40 IRS 1a
The H II region W40 harbors a small group of young, hot stars behind roughly
9 magnitudes of visual extinction. We have detected gaseous carbon monoxide
(CO) and diatomic carbon (C_2) in absorption toward the star W40 IRS 1a. The
2-0 R0, R1, and R2 lines of 12CO at 2.3 micron were measured using the CSHELL
on the NASA IR Telescope Facility (with upper limits placed on R3, R4, and R5)
yielding an N_CO of (1.1 +/- 0.2) x 10^18 cm^-2. Excitation analysis indicates
T_kin > 7 K. The Phillips system of C_2 transitions near 8775 Ang. was measured
using the Kitt Peak 4-m telescope and echelle spectrometer. Radiative pumping
models indicate a total C_2 column density of (7.0 +/- 0.4) x 10^14 cm^-2, two
excitation temperatures (39 and 126 K), and a total gas density of n ~ 250
cm^-3. The CO ice band at 4.7 micron was not detected, placing an upper limit
on the CO depletion of delta < 1 %. We postulate that the sightline has
multiple translucent components and is associated with the W40 molecular cloud.
Our data for W40 IRS 1a, coupled with other sightlines, shows that the ratio of
CO/C_2 increases from diffuse through translucent environs. Finally, we show
that the hydrogen to dust ratio seems to remain constant from diffuse to dense
environments, while the CO to dust ratio apparently does not.Comment: To appear in The Astrophysical Journal 17 pages total, 5 figures Also
available at http://casa.colorado.edu/~shuping/research/w40/w40.htm
Galaxy Formation by Galactic Magnetic Fields
Galaxies exhibit a sequence of various morphological types, i.e., the Hubble
sequence, and they are basically composed of spheroidal components (elliptical
galaxies and bulges in spiral galaxies) and disks. It is known that spheroidal
components are found only in relatively massive galaxies with M=10^{10-12}
M_sun, and all stellar populations in them are very old, but there is no clear
explanation for these facts. Here we present a speculative scenario for the
origin of the Hubble sequence, in which magnetic fields ubiquitously seen in
galaxies have played a crucial role. We first start from a strange
observational fact that magnetic field strengths observed in spiral galaxies
sharply concentrate at a few microgauss, for a wide range of galaxy luminosity
and types. We then argue that this fact and the observed correlation between
star formation activity and magnetic field strength in spiral galaxies suggest
that spheroidal galaxies have formed by starbursts induced by strong magnetic
fields. Then we show that this idea naturally leads to the formation of
spheroidal systems only in massive and high-redshift objects in hierarchically
clustering universe, giving a simple explanation for various observations.Comment: 7 pages including 2 figures. Accepted by ApJ Letter
Constraints on the Evolution of the Primordial Magnetic Field from the Small-Scale Cosmic Microwave Background Angular Anisotropy
Recent observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) have extended
the measured power spectrum to higher multipoles 1000, and there
appears to be possible evidence for excess power on small angular scales. The
primordial magnetic field (PMF) can strongly affect the CMB power spectrum and
the formation of large scale structure. In this paper, we calculate the CMB
temperature anisotropies generated by including a power-law magnetic field at
the photon last-scattering surface (PLSS). We then deduce an upper limit on the
PMF based on our theoretical analysis of the power excess on small angular
scales. We have taken into account several important effects such as the
modified matter sound speed in the presence of a magnetic field. An upper limit
to the field strength of 4.7 nG at the present scale of 1
Mpc is deduced. This is obtained by comparing the calculated theoretical result
including the Sunyaev-Zeldovich (SZ) effect with recent observed data on the
small-scale CMB anisotropies from the
(WMAP), the Cosmic Background Imager (CBI), and the Arcminute Cosmology
Bolometer Array Receiver (ACBAR). We discuss several possible mechanisms for
the generation and evolution of the PMF.Comment: 27 pages, 4 figures, accepted to ApJ April 10, 200
Radio jet refraction in galactic atmospheres with static pressure gradients
A theory of double radio sources which have a 'Z' or 'S' morphology is proposed, based on the refraction of radio jets in the extended atmosphere of an elliptical galaxy. The model describes a collimated jet of supersonic material bending self-consistently under the influence of external static pressure gradients. Gravity and magnetic fields are neglected in the simplest case except insofar as they determine the static pressure distribution. The calculation is a straightforward extension of a method used to calculate a ram-pressure model for twin radio trails ('C' morphology). It may also be described as a continuous-jet version of a buoyancy model proposed in 1973. The model has the added virtue of invoking a galactic atmosphere similar to those already indicated by X-ray measurements of some other radio galaxies and by models for the collimation of other radio jets
On the role of galactic magnetic halo in the ultra high energy cosmic rays propagation
The study of propagation of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays (UHECR) is a key
step in order to unveil the secret of their origin. Up to now it was considered
only the influence of the galactic and the extragalactic magnetic fields. In
this article we focus our analysis on the influence of the magnetic field of
the galaxies standing between possible UHECR sources and us. Our main approach
is to start from the well known galaxy distribution up to 120 Mpc. We use the
most complete galaxy catalog: the LEDA catalog. Inside a sphere of 120 Mpc
around us, we extract 60130 galaxies with known position. In our simulations we
assign a Halo Dipole magnetic Field (HDF) to each galaxy. The code developed is
able to retro-propagate a charged particle from the arrival points of UHECR
data across our galaxies sample. We present simulations in case of Virgo
cluster and show that there is a non negligible deviation in the case of
protons of eV, even if the value is conservative. Then
special attention is devoted to the AGASA triplet where we find that NGC3998
and NGC3992 could be possible candidates as sources.Comment: Version accepted from ApJ, 5 figure
Magnetic fields at the periphery of UCHII regions from carbon recombination line observations
Several indirect evidences indicate a magnetic origin for the non-thermal
width of spectral lines observed toward molecular clouds. In this letter, I
suggest that the origin of the non-thermal width of carbon recombination lines
(CRLs) observed from photo-dissociation regions (PDRs) near ultra-compact \HII\
regions is magnetic and that the magnitude of the line width is an estimate of
the \alfven speed. The magnetic field strengths estimated based on this
suggestion compare well with those measured toward molecular clouds with
densities similar to PDR densities. I conclude that multi-frequency CRL
observations have the potential to form a new tool to determine the field
strength near star forming regions.Comment: To appear in ApJ Letter
Distances to the high galactic latitude molecular clouds G192-67 and MBM 23-24
We report on distance determinations for two high Galactic latitude cloud
complexes, G192-67 and MBM 23-24. No distance determination exists in the
literature for either cloud. Thirty-four early type stars were observed towards
the two clouds, more than half of which have parallaxes measured by the
Hipparcos satellite. For the remaining stars we have made spectroscopic
distance estimates. The data consist of high resolution echelle spectra
centered on the Na I D lines, and were obtained over six nights at the Coude
Feed telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory. Interstellar absorption lines
were detected towards some of the stars, enabling estimates of the distances to
the clouds of 109 +/- 14 pc for G192-67, and of 139 +/- 33 pc for MBM 23-24. We
discuss the relationship of these clouds to other ISM features such as the
Local Hot Bubble and the local cavity in neutral hydrogen.Comment: 15 pages, 6 embedded figures, to be published in the ApJ Vol. 516,
No.
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