Brain landmarks tabulated from the literature.

<p>Landmarks were tabulated from published studies where the primary methodology was landmark-based shape analysis of the brain in order to determine each landmark's frequency of use. Column headings indicate the source of the landmarks: (1) Aldridge <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone.0086005-Aldridge1" target="_blank">[17]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone.0086005-Aldridge4" target="_blank">[49]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone.0086005-Aldridge5" target="_blank">[50]</a>. (2) DeQuardo <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone.0086005-DeQuardo1" target="_blank">[51]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone.0086005-DeQuardo2" target="_blank">[52]</a>. (3) Gharaibeh <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone.0086005-Gharaibeh1" target="_blank">[53]</a>. (4) Maudgil <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone.0086005-Maudgil1" target="_blank">[33]</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone.0086005-Free1" target="_blank">[54]</a>. (5) Weinberg <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone.0086005-Weinberg1" target="_blank">[34]</a>.</p

Histogram of the intra-observer precision of each landmark.

<p>This histogram indicates the level of intra-observer precision associated with each landmark using the original (P1) and modified (P2) protocols. The error bar is equal to one standard deviation above and below the mean. Landmark numbers correspond with the landmark numbers in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone-0086005-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p

Average intra-observer error and inter-observer error measured for landmarks.

<p>In the landmark name, the backslash (/) indicates that the landmark is located at the intersection of the two sulci and s. is an abbreviation for sulcus. P1 is the imprecision (mm) for each landmark that was assessed in the first round of analysis. P2 is the imprecision (mm) for each landmark that was assessed in the second round of analysis using the modified protocols. The hyphen (-) indicates that the landmark was not reassessed in the second round of analysis because the error was less than 1.5 mm. ΔP is the difference between P2 and P1.</p

Average intra-observer error by rater.

<p>In the landmark name, the backslash (/) indicates that the landmark is located at the intersection of the two sulci. P1 is the imprecision (mm) for each landmark in the first round of analysis. P2 is the imprecision (mm) for each landmark in the second round of analysis using the modified protocols. The hyphen (-) indicates that the landmark was not reassessed in the second round of analysis.</p

Histogram of the inter-observer precision of each landmark.

<p>This histogram indicates the level of inter-observer precision associated with each landmark using the original (P1) and modified (P2) protocols. Landmark numbers correspond with the landmark numbers in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone-0086005-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>.</p

Landmarks and the associated error analyzed in this study.

<p>Left lateral view of a 3D reconstruction of the brain (anterior is to the left). Projected positions of landmarks are shown with numbers corresponding to <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086005#pone-0086005-t002" target="_blank">Table 2</a>. Cortical surface landmarks are white with white wireframe; subcortical landmarks are purple with purple wireframe. The size of the pink ellipses around each landmark indicate the magnitude of average precision (error) at anatomic scale. Landmarks for which no ellipse is visible had average error less than the 1.5 mm radius of the landmark marker. Note that the greatest magnitudes of error were associated with cortical surface landmarks.</p

Eye diameter and activity pattern in newborn strepsirrhine primates.

<p>Left column, log10 transformed axial eye diameter, transverse eye diameter, and orbital aperture diameter plotted against cranial length in primates with different activity patterns. Note that all cathemeral and diurnal scale below the regression line for nocturnal primates. Right column: relative size (residuals) of the same measurements. Although no significant differences were found, nocturnal species show a trend toward relatively larger eye dimensions than cathemeral and diurnal species. The difference in orbital aperture dimensions is less apparent.</p

Relationship of Log10 eye and orbital diameters to Log10 cranial length in prosimians.

<p>The regression line is calculated from the strepsirrhines only. Thin lines indicate 95% confidence interval. Note that <i>Tarsius</i> is an outlier in each case.</p

Relative transverse eye diameter (residuals calculated from regression of Log10 transverse eye diameter against Log10 cranial length) plotted against relative age at weaning (top) and relative gestational age (bottom).

<p>No relationship to relative neonatal body mass as apparent in our analysis (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036097#pone-0036097-t005" target="_blank">Table 5</a>).</p

Published ontogenetic data on axial eye diameter for mammals.

*<p>several diameters were measured from the gerbil eye. The description of “AP” length matches AD as measured in this study.</p>**<p>, a longitudinal study <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036097#pone.0036097-Tigges1" target="_blank">[16]</a> compared newborn AD to that of 4-year-old macaques, yielding a ratio of 0.69. If compared adult data from a different study <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0036097#pone.0036097-DeRousseau1" target="_blank">[15]</a>, the ratio is 0.68.</p