Deterrence in Cyberspace: An Interdisciplinary Review of the Empirical Literature

The popularity of the deterrence perspective across multiple scientific disciplines has sparked a lively debate regarding its relevance in influencing both offenders and targets in cyberspace. Unfortunately, due to the invisible borders between academic disciplines, most of the published literature on deterrence in cyberspace is confined within unique scientific disciplines. This chapter therefore provides an interdisciplinary review of the issue of deterrence in cyberspace. It begins with a short overview of the deterrence perspective, presenting the ongoing debates concerning the relevance of deterrence pillars in influencing cybercriminals’ and cyberattackers’ operations in cyberspace. It then reviews the existing scientific evidence assessing various aspects of deterrence in the context of several disciplines: criminology, law, information systems, and political science. This chapter ends with a few policy implications and proposed directions for future interdisciplinary academic research

BIDIRECTIONAL REFLECTANCE FACTOR OF 14 SOIL CLASSES FROM BRAZIL

The spectral reflectance of soils is required for effective use of remote sensing products. The absence of studies concerned with spectral reflectance of the soils from the tropical region in the 400 to 2500 nm spectral range is the main motivation of this research. The objective of this study was to present spectral reflectance data from different tropical soil types. This spectral characterization was done through measurements of the hi-directional reflectance factor of III selected soil samples, grouped in 14 tropical soil classes, taken from 53 sites (Sao Paulo State, Brazil). The measurements were made with a spectroradiometer operating in the 400 to 2500 nm region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Each soil sample is associated to a set of physical and chemical analyses data, with part of these published in descriptive reports of soil surveys.16111312