Regio- and stereoselective behavior of l-arabinal-derived vinyl epoxide in nucleophilic addition reactions. Comparison with conformationally restricted d-galactal-derived analogs

Abstract The regio- and stereoselectivity of the addition reactions of O-, C-, N-, and S-nucleophiles to l-arabinal-derived vinyl epoxide 2, the simplest non-conformationally restricted glycal-derived vinyl epoxide, has been examined and compared with the corresponding, conformationally restricted d-galactal-derived analogs 1β and 1β-Me. Results indicated that the 1,4-/1,2-regioselectivity ratio and the related syn-1,4-/anti-1,2-stereoselectivity observed in glycal-derived vinyl oxiranes is independent of the presence of substituents on the six-membered unsaturated ring, and the absence of conformational freedom: it depends only on the ability of the nucleophile to give a coordination process with the oxirane oxygen in the form of a hydrogen bond or through a coordinating cation

Endoscopic and Surgical Removal of Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies in Dogs: An Analysis of 72 Cases

In emergency veterinary practice, gastrointestinal foreign body (GFB) removal is a common procedure that is performed with different techniques, such as endoscopy or surgery. The aims of this retrospective, multicentre, clinical study were to report the common locations and types of objects recovered and to investigate clinical factors and outcomes in dogs after surgical or endoscopic treatment for GFB removal. Records of dogs with a GFB diagnosis referred to the Teaching Veterinary Hospital or treated in three different veterinary hospitals from September 2017 to September 2019 were examined. The data obtained from each case included breed, age, clinical signs at presentation, duration of clinical signs, type and location of the GFB, treatment, length of hospitalisation and outcome. Seventy-two dogs were enrolled in the study. There were 42 males (58%) and 30 females (42%). The median age was 36 months (range: 3 months to 8 years). Endoscopic retrieval was performed in 56% of GFBs (located in the stomach or duodenum), whereas 44% of dogs underwent surgery. The type of FB detected varied greatly: kid toy (14%), metallic object/coin (13%), cloth (13%), sock (8%), ball (8%), plastic material (8%), peach stone (7%), fishhook (6%), sewing needle (4%), hair tie (4%), pacifier (3%), plant materials (3%) and others (9%). Moreover, the FBs were classified as sharp (13%, n = 9), pointed (33%, n = 24), blunt (26%, n = 19), or linear (28%, n = 20). In this study, 68% of FBs were localised in the stomach, 25% in the intestinal tract (50% duodenum, 28% jejunum, and 22% ileum), and 7% in both the stomach and small intestine. The type of GFB was not significantly associated with age, site or breed. There was a significant association between the type of GFB and sex: if the dog was male, there was a 38% probability of ingesting linear GFBs. The dog survival rate was 100% in cases treated by gastric endoscopic or surgical removal, 94% in cases treated with enterotomy and 33% in cases in which enterectomy was necessary. Enterectomy and multiple surgical sites were associated with a poor outcome. The presence of vomiting for more than 24 h was significantly associated with death

CONGENITAL FLEXURAL DEFORMITY IN THE FOAL: CASE SERIES

Flexural Deformities (FD) or “contractures” are a common disease in foals. Therapy to correct the defects is normally established in absence of a precise diagnosis and etiopathogenesis is usually unknown. In infants with weakness and/or contractures, a complete diagnostic algorithm is performed to identify the etiology and, afterwards, to begin the most appropriate therapy and a neuromuscular etiology has been supposed. Aims of the study were to describe a case series of congenital FD, to examine the role of the congenital neuromuscular diseases in etiology and pathogenesis of FD, to suggest a diagnostic algorithm and to verify the clinical usefulness of the muscular biopsy in the diagnostic iter . Affected foals were clinically examined. Routine haematological and biochemistry analysis were performed. Muscle biopsies were collected. Administrated therapy was described. Fourteen foals were examined. Clinical symptoms included contractures associated to weakness, torticollis and scoliosis, mandibular prognathism, inferior eyelid entropion. Core like disease (2), Mild unspecific myopathy (5), Mitochondrial myopathy (2), Congenital Fiber Type Disproportion (2), Lipid storage myopathy (1), Lipomatous muscle “dystrophy” (1) Myopathy with inclusion bodies (1), Vacuolar myopathy (1), Neurogenic myopathy (1) were diagnosed. Multiple myopathic lesions were shown in some biopsies. As FD are a symptom, it should be endeavored to apply to each clinical case a complete diagnostic iter. A definite diagnosis would enable an early prognosis and could identify a potential genetic basis of transmission to offspring. Congenital myopathies were demonstrated in muscle biopsies collected from contracted foals. Both isolated and multiple contractures could be found in neuromuscular disorders, that probably produce reduced foetal movements responsible for intrauterine malpositioning. Muscle biopsy was a valuable diagnostic mean in foals affected by FD

In vitro comparison of three suture techniques for anastomosis of small intestine in horse

Anastomosis using a continuous Lembert single layer pattern were faster to perform and resisted higher pressure than the Gambee and the Lembert double layer pattern. The Lembert single layer technique results in a larger stoma and produces fewer adhesions and should be the technique of choice in most cases

In vitro comparison of three suture techniques for anastomosis of the equine small intestine

Reasons for performing study: The equine small intestine can be affected by a variety of disorders that may require some form of bypass or anastomosis. Many suture patterns have been used in equine anastomoses to minimise post operative complications, which include leakage from the anastomosis site, stenosis and adhesions. Because of the critical condition of horses undergoing colic surgery, it is imperative this is performed as quickly as possible. Objectives: To evaluate, in vitro, differences in the time of execution and leakage pressure between the Lembert single layer (Lsl), Gambee and Lembert double layer suture patterns for intestinal anastomosis in the horse and correlate the time taken to complete the anastomosis and hemicircumference of the anastomotic site Methods: Small intestinal loops immersed in polyionic solution were anastomosed with one of the 3 suture patterns. The intestines were insufflated via a flexible rubber hose, connected to a pressure gauge, inserted into the lumen at one end and fixed at 25 cm fromthe anastomosis site with a locking clip and, using a tube fixed in the same manner at the other end connected to a sphygmomanometer bulb, the pressure at which leakage from the anastomosis site was revealed by the presence of bubbles. Results: The time spent in the execution of the Lembert single layer was significantly less than that for both Gambee and Lembert double layer The leakage pressure of Lembert single layer was significantly higher than that recorded for both Gambee and Lembert double layer Conclusions and potential relevance: This study shows that the continuous Lsl pattern takes less time to execute and fails at higher pressures than the Lembert double layer or Gambee patterns

Stereoselective synthesis of beta-phenylselenoglycosides from glycals and rationalization of the selenoglycosylation processes

β-Phenylselenoglycosides have been efficiently and stereoselectively synthesized by direct oxidative glycosylation of benzenselenolate (PhSe-) with glycals. A rationalization of the presently described β-selectivity and the opposite Rselectivity reported by Danishefsky in the ring-opening of epoxy glycals with benzeneselenol (PhSeH) is proposed

Comparazione tra tre tecniche chirurgiche nel trattamento del prolasso della ghiandola della terza palpebra nel cane

Records of 100 dogs that were affected by prolapse of the gland of the third eyelid and surgically treated with fixation of prolapsed nictitans glands were reviewed. Eyes surgically treated were 132: in 35 eyes the gland was anchored to the periosteum of the ventral orbital rim (group A),in 36 eyes the gland was buried in a pocket within the conjunctiva of the nictitans (group P), and in 61 eyes gland was buried in a conjunctival pocket after the resection of the conjunctival tissue that covers the prolapsed gland (group C). Group P and C had a statistically lower reprolapse rate. In all groups there was a significant reduction of Shirmer tear test values at 14 days after surgery, although values were always in physiological range. All procedures resulted in good cosmetic effects 1 month after surgery