Defects in crystals formed by 4He

Orientadores: Silvio Antonio Sachetto Vitiello, Maurice de KoningTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb WataghinResumo: Neste trabalho apresentamos um estudo feito sobre defeitos em um sólido quântico formado por átomos de 4He. Embora ainda não exista um mecanismo para explicar a fase supersólida deste sistema, ela tem sido frequentemente associada com a presença de desordem no cristal, que pode ocorrer com a existência de algum tipo de defeito. O método do trabalho reversível é aplicado para calcular a concentração de vacâncias e a energia livre de ligação entre estes defeitos pontuais. Inicialmente, esta metodologia é aplicada a um sólido quântico descrito por uma função de onda tipo Jastrow, para em seguida ser aplicada no nosso sistema de interesse. A função de onda sombra é utilizada para modelar o 4He sólido hcp, cujas configurações são amostradas através do método de Monte Carlo utilizando o algoritmo de Metropolis. Além da determinação das concentrações de monovacâncias e divacâncias, nossos resultados indicam que não existe uma tendência de se formar aglomerados deste defeito, que poderia levar a uma separação de fases. Posteriormente, utilizamos o método de Peierls-Nabarro para estudar defeitos lineares do tipo discordâncias. Para isto, determinamos as constantes elásticas do material, sendo esta a primeira estimativa teórica destas propriedades para o hélio sólido. Nosso modelo indica que estes defeitos lineares possuem uma tendência em se separar em pares de discordâncias parciais. Além disso, a resistência intrínseca da rede cristalina desempenha um papel importante na mobilidade destes defeitos. Portanto, um mecanismo para explicar a fase supersólida do 4He, que envolva a presença de discordâncias, deve levar em conta esta resistênciaAbstract: In this work we present a study about defects in a quantum solid formed by atoms of 4He. Although there is no mechanism to explain the supersolid phase of this system, it has often been associated with the presence of disorder in the crystal, which can occur with the presence of some type of defect. The reversible work method is applied to calculate the concentration of the vacancies and the binding free energy between these point defects. Initially, this methodology is applied to a quantum solid described by a Jastrow wave function, to then be applied in our system of interest. A shadow wave function is used to model the hcp solid helium, whose con gurations are sampled by the Monte Carlo method using the Metropolis algorithm. Besides the determination of monovacancy and divacancy concentrations, our results indicate that there is not a tendency to form clusters of these defects, which could lead to a phase separation. Subsequently, we used the Peierls-Nabarro method to study linear defects like dislocations. With this purpose, we determined the elastic constants of material, this being the rst theoretical estimates of these properties for solid helium. Our model indicates that these linear defects have a tendency to separate into pairs of partial dislocations. Furthermore, the intrinsic resistance of the crystal lattice plays an important role in the mobility of these defects. Therefore, a mechanism to explain the supersolid phase of helium, which involves the presence of dislocations, should take account of this resistanceDoutoradoFísica da Matéria CondensadaDoutor em Ciência

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data