PPD-specific proliferation is not impaired by <i>L. sigmodontis</i> co-infection.

<p><i>A</i>, Spleen cell proliferation in response to <i>M. tuberculosis</i> PPD and <i>B</i>, SEB. Cotton rats were infected with <i>L. sigmodontis</i> (L.s.) and/or <i>M. tuberculosis</i> (MTB), or were uninfected. Shown is the proliferation index (OD of stimulated cells/baseline). Statistical significance between groups were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn's post-hoc multiple comparisons. Single stars show significant differences compared to the uninfected animals. Shown are representative results from one of two experiments. **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.</p

Chronic <i>L. sigmodontis</i> infection induces eosinophilia and a hyporesponsive milieu.

<p><i>A</i>, peripheral blood eosinophil counts from uninfected, 5, and 11 week-<i>Litomosoides sigmodontis</i> (L.s.) infected cotton rats. In vitro spleen cell proliferation (<i>B</i>, <i>C</i>, as proliferation index (OD of stimulated cells/baseline)) and IFNγ production (<i>D</i>, <i>E</i>) in response to <i>L. sigmodontis</i> antigen (LsAg) or <i>Staphylococcal</i> enterotoxin B (SEB) from cotton rats that were either uninfected or infected with <i>L. sigmodontis</i> for 5 or 11 weeks. Statistical significance between groups was analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn's post-hoc multiple comparisons. Single stars show significant differences compared to uninfected animals. *p<0.05.</p

<i>M. tuberculosis</i> infection has no consistent impact on <i>L. sigmodontis</i> worm burden.

<p><i>A</i>, total number of <i>L. sigmodontis</i> adult worms recovered from the pleural space and <i>B</i>, number of microfilaria per µl of peripheral blood of cotton rats that were infected with <i>L. sigmodontis</i> (L.s.) and <i>M. tuberculosis</i> (MTB) or <i>L. sigmodontis</i> alone (20 weeks post <i>L. sigmodontis</i> infection) from the first experiment. <i>C</i>, total number of <i>L. sigmodontis</i> adult worms recovered from the pleural space of the repeat experiment. Statistical significance was analyzed by the Mann-Whitney-U-test.</p