Theoretical and Experimental Vibrational Study of Miconazole and Its Dimers with Organic Acids: Application to the IR Characterization of Its Inclusion Complexes with Cyclodextrins

The geometry, frequency and intensity of the vibrational bands of miconazole were derived from the density functional theory (DFT) calculations with the hybrid functional B3LYP and the 6-31G(d) basis set. Starting from the fully AM1 optimized geometries of miconazole/betaCD/acids complexes, the miconazole/acid dimers were reoptimized at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level. Three acids were studied: maleic, fumaric and l-tartaric acids. To begin with the vibrational spectral data obtained from solid phase in mid FT-IR spectrum of miconazole and its dimers are assigned based on the results of the normal modes calculations. All the observed spectra and the calculated ones are found to be in good agreement. In a second step, theoretical results allowed the assignment of FT-IR spectrum for the miconazole/HPgammaCD inclusion complex produced by supercritical carbon dioxide treatment and confirmed the inclusion of miconazole. The experimental spectra for the miconazole/HPgammaCD/acids complexes prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide processing were also assigned using theoretical results. The results confirmed the presence of a genuine inclusion complex and also the interaction between miconazole and the acid

Theoretical and experimental investigations on miconazole/cyclodextrin/acid complexes: Molecular modeling studies

The inclusion of miconazole into cyclodextrin cavity has been demonstrated by different authors. Preliminary studies have shown which fragment of the molecule is involved in the inclusion. In the present study, AM1 approximate molecular orbital calculations have been performed on several cyclodextrins complexes ( CD, HP CD and HP CD) with miconazole and acidic compounds (maleic, fumaric and L-tartaric acids) as partners. For all the binary complexes, the inclusion of the dichlorobenzene–CH2–O-group leads to the most stable complex. For the ternary complexes, depending on their conformation and/or their structures, the acids can either stabilize or destabilize the complex. All the theoretical results were in good agreement with experimental data of miconazole inclusion yields into cyclodextrins. This work clearly demonstrates that the structure of both cyclodextrin and acid plays a key-role in the formation of inclusion complexes

Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of Organic Acids/Cyclodextrin Complexes and Their Consequences Upon the Formation of Miconazole/Cyclodextrin/Acid Ternary Inclusion Complexes

(1)H NMR spectrometry, FT-IR spectroscopy, as well as molecular modeling at the AM1 level and normal mode analysis were used to characterise the interactions and the formation of inclusion complexes between three organic acids: maleic, fumaric, L-tartaric acids and betaCD. In aqueous medium, the complexation was confirmed by (1)H NMR spectroscopy using two-dimensional technique. The stable geometries of the complexes were determined by molecular modeling. Experimental infrared frequencies were assigned on the base of the vibrational normal mode calculation at the fully optimized geometry for the inclusion complexes. All the results point out the presence of stable inclusion complexes between acids and betaCD at the solid state. These results show the double role of the acid. Correlated with the theoretical and experimental data previously obtained for the miconazole/CD/acids complexes, in function of both acids and CDs structures, the acids can either stabilize the complexes by formation of a multicomponent complex or form acid/CD inclusion complexes, hindering the guest inclusion

Direct determination of tagitinin C in Tithonia diversifolia leaves by on-line coupling of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction to FT-IR spectroscopy by means of optical fibres

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) with carbon dioxide as extraction medium was on-line coupled to a FT-IR spectrometer equipped with a Mercury Cadmium Telluride (MCT) detector using a tailor-made high-pressure fibre optic flow cell. This method was optimised and developed for the monitoring in real time and the quantification of dynamic extractions of tagitinin C from Tithonia.diversifolia leaves. In order to demonstrate the method ability to allow the direct quantification of tagitinin C in the extract medium the standard addition method was used. The area integration Of Curves obtained by plotting the absorbance of the highly specific C=O stretching vibration at 1668 cm(-1) versus time (i.e. extractograms) was used as instrumental response. The SFE/FT-IR process was successfully validated using the accuracy profile as decision tool. On this basis, a linear regression model was chosen for the calibration curve. The relative standard deviation for repeatability and intermediate precision were between 0.8 and 3.1 %, respectively. Moreover, the method was found to be accurate as the two-sided 95% beta-expectation tolerance interval did not exceed the acceptance limits of 85 and 115% on the analytical range investigated (500-2500 mu g of added amount of tagitinin Q. The proposed method allowed the non-destructive extraction of tagitinin C and its on-line quantitative determination in less than 25 min thus facilitating the subsequent experiments or the pharmacological studies performed on this compound

Study of the physicochemical properties in aqueous medium and molecular modeling of tagitinin C/cyclodextrin complexes

The inclusion complexes of tagitinin C with beta-, 2,6-di-O-methyl-beta- and gamma-cyclodextrin (CyD) was investigated in aqueous medium. The stoichiometric ratios and stability constants (K(f)) which describe the extent of formation of the complexes have been determined by UV spectroscopy and direct current tast polarography (DC(tast)), respectively. For each complex, a 1:1 molar ratio was formed in solution and the trend of stability constants was K(f) (2,6-di-O-methyl-beta-CyD)>K(f) (gamma-CyD)>K(f) (beta-CyD). The effect of molecular encapsulation on the photochemical conversion of tagitinin C was evaluated. No significant protection efficacy was noticed with beta- and gamma-CyD for the complexed drug with the respect to the free one. On the other hand, the photochemical conversion rate was slowed in presence of 2,6-di-O-methyl-beta-CyD. Data from (1)H NMR and ROESY experiments provided a clear evidence of formation of inclusion complexes. The lactone, the ester and the unsaturated ketone parts of tagitinin C inserted into the wide rim of the CyDs torus. These experimental results were confirmed by the molecular modeling using semiempirical Austin Model 1 (AM1) method

Ordered mesoporous silica material SBA-15: a broad-spectrum formulation platform for poorly soluble drugs

Encapsulating poorly soluble drugs in mesoporous silicates is an emerging strategy to improve drug dissolution. This study evaluates the applicability of the ordered mesoporous silicate SBA-15 as an excipient to enhance dissolution, for a test series of 10 poorly soluble compounds with a high degree of physicochemical diversity (carbamazepine, cinnarizine, danazol, diazepam, fenofibrate, griseofulvin, indomethacin, ketoconazole, nifedipine, and phenylbutazone). A generic solvent impregnation method was used to load all model compounds. The target drug content was 20%. The physical nature of the formulations was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the pharmaceutical performance evaluated by means of in vitro dissolution. Aliquots of each formulation were stored at 25 degrees C/52% RH for 6 months, and again subjected to DSC and in vitro dissolution. The target drug content of 20% was attained in all cases. DSC data evidenced the noncrystalline state of the confined drugs. All SBA-15 formulations exhibited an enhanced dissolution as compared to their corresponding crystalline materials, and the high pharmaceutical performance of all formulations was retained during the 6 months storage period. The results of this study suggest that encapsulation in SBA-15 can be applied as a dissolution-enhancing formulation approach for a very wide variety of poorly soluble drugs.status: publishe

Oral bioavailability in pigs of a miconazole/Hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin/ L-tataric acid inclusion complex produced by supercritical carbon dioxide processing

The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of miconazole after oral administration of a miconazole/hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin(HPγCD)/ L-tartaric acid inclusion complex produced by supercritical carbon dioxide processing. The pharmacokinetics of the miconazole ternary complex (CPLX), of the corresponding physical mixture (PHYS), and of miconazole alone (MICO) were compared after oral administration. Six mixed-breed pigs received each formulation as a single dose (10 mg miconazole/kg) in a crossover design. Miconazole plasma concentrations were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatography method. Preliminary in vitro dissolution data showed that CPLX exhibits a faster and higher dissolution rate than either PHYS or MICO. Following CPLX oral administration, mean area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC0−∞) for miconazole was 95.0±55.8 μg/min/mL, with the peak plasma concentration (Cmax 0.59±0.39 μg/mL) at 19.30 minutes. The AUC0−∞ and Cmax values were significantly higher than those after oral administration of PHYS (AUC0−∞ 38.5±12.7 μg/min/mL and Cmax 0.24±0.08 μg/mL;P<.1) and of MICO (AUC0−∞ 24.1±14.0 μg/min/mL and Cmax 0.1±0.05 μg/mL;P<.1). There were also significant differences between PHYS and MICO (P<.1). The results of the study indicate that CPLX shows improved dissolution properties and a higher relative oral bioavailability compared with PHYS and MICO