Immunoprophylaxis of bovine mastitis

Mastitis poses a major economic and health problem in herds of dairy cows. The many years of taking different approaches to treating mastitis have not resulted in an adequate solution, so that the problem of mastitis is still present and acute. The treatment of mastitis using antibiotics yields satisfactory results, but it implies substantial costs for treatment and losses in rejecting milk. Due to the above reasons, a new area of scientific research offers possibilities for finding new solutions to the ever present problem of mastitis - immunoprophylaxis. Vaccines against mastitis available at this time are still not sufficiently effective in general practice, and they are at the level of experimental vaccines. All barn vaccines which have been worked on so far have been significantly experimentally successful. The success is in a significant increase in the antibody titer in serum (but not in milk), as well as in reducing the incidence of clinical and subclinical mastitis cases among experimental and control animals. Nevertheless, it is still believed that immunoprophylaxis, as a method for preventing inflammation of the udder and the occurrence of mastitis, is still an insufficiently investigated field of scientific research. Many scientists are engaged on the problem of finding a vaccine against mastitis, but the coplexity of the mammary gland and the specific permeability of the blood-milk barrier do not permit these efforts to be as successful as they might be if this were not the case

Profilaxis, immunoprophylaxis and therapy of staphylococcal mastitis

Inflammation of the mammary gland, mastitis, in cows presents one of the most acute problems in intensive milk production, incurring huge economic losses which reach from 20-80% even in developed countries in the past decade. On the grounds of the programme of the respective Ministry, the Veterinary Service of the Republic of Serbia is obliged to monitor, detect, curb and control infective inflammation of the mammary gland caused by staphylococcus and streptococcus. Long-term different approaches to mastitis treatment did not result in the required solution, so that the problem of mastitis is still present and acute. In order to prevent the infiltration of the pathogenic cause into the mammary gland, its populating and multiplication, it is necessary to maintain constant and regular controls of milk, as well as undertake of preventive and therapeutic measures aimed at reducing the incidence of mastitis. Immunization and immunotherapy of mastitis are new and very interesting areas for scientific investigations and work. In the recent decades vaccines against staphylococcal mastitis are being successfully developed, whose success is reflected in the reduced incidence of clinical and subcilinical mastitis

Ispitivanje efikasnosti različitih tretmana subkliničkih mastitisa krava izazvanih Staphylococcus aureus-om u zasušnom periodu

Mastitis is still the most common disorder which is present in diary cows. Changes in genetics, nutrition and milking equipment affect the incidence of subclinical and clinical forms of mastitis. Staphylococcus aureus is the causative agent of subclinical and clinical forms of mastitis. In the acute form it can cause malignant mastitis in the form of granulomatous and necrotic changes. Chronic forms of staphylococcal mastitis often develop as subclinical changes. Halting the entrance, the colonization and replication of the pathogen into the udder impose the constant need for regular milk controls and preventive and therapeutic measures in order to decrease the incidence of mastitis. A modern approach in the eradication and control of mastitis is immunoprophilaxis, aimed towards the innovation of new vaccines against the most common causes of mastitis. In this study we have applied the vaccine prepared with S. aureus isolated from milk taken from the experimental farm and the referent capsular strain. The vaccine was applied twice two months before calving in a dose of 5mL. The vaccine contained inactivated S. aureus JR3 bacterial cells in a quantity of 1 x 1010 cfu/mL and 5 mg SM capsule S. aureus 2286 strain. After vaccination of cows in late pregnancy, subclinical mastitis appears at a smaller frequency compared to the three experimental groups. To the first group of cows the antibiotic was applied intramammary, to the second group antibiotics were applied parenterally and intramammary and the third group served as the untreated control.Mastitis je još uvek najučestalije i 'najskuplje' obolenje na mlečnim farmama. Promene u genetici, ishrani, aparatima za mužu i načinu držanja krava utiču na učestalost pojave subkliničkih i kliničkih mastitisa. Staphylococcus aureus izaziva subkliničke i kliničke forme mastitisa, koje mogu u akutnoj formi da izazovu teške, maligne mastitise u vidu granulaomatoznih i nekrotičnih promena. Hronične forme stafilokoknog mastitisa uglavnom prolaze kao subklinički oblici obolenja mlečne žlezde. Sprečavanje prodora patogenog uzročnika u mlečnu žlezdu, njegovo naseljavanje i razmnožavanje, nameću stalnu potrebu za redovnim kontrolama mleka kao i preduzimanje preventivnih i terapijskih mera u cilju smanjenja nastanka mastitisa. Moderan pristup suzbijanju i kontroli mastitisa je imnunoprofilaksa koja je usmerena na pronalaženje efikasnih vakcina protiv nekih najčešćih uzročnika mastitisa. U našem radu koristili smo autohtonu vakcinu koju smo pripremili od S. aureus-a izolovanog iz mleka uzetog sa ogledne farme i referentnog kapsularnog soja S. aureus. Vakcina je dvokratno aplikovana oglednim kravama dva meseca pred telenje u dozi od 5 ml, a sastojala se od inaktivisanih bakterijskih ćelija S. aureus JR3 u količini od 1x1010 cfu/ml i 5 mg SM kapsule soja S. aureus 2286. Nakon dvokratne aplikacije ispitivane vakcine u visokom graviditetu, subklinički mastitisi krava su se pojavljivali u značajno manjem procentu, u odnosu na ostale tri ogledne grupe. Pri tome je jednoj oglednoj grupi krava bio aplikovan antibiotik intramamarno dok su životinjama druge grupe antibiotici bili aplikovani i parenteralno i intramamarno. Treća grupa se sastojala od plotkinja koje nisu bile podvrgnute ni jednom od navedenih tretmana

Zdravstveno-reproriduktivni problemi svinja na komercijlanim farmama

It is well known that good health is a prerequisite of good pig reproduction or successful and profitable production of pig. The health status of the herd depends on many factors, such as the maintenance technology, nursing, nutrition, organization, level of staff training and the systematic implementation of health care. Today we are witnessing a large number of bacterial diseases, viral etiology and certain parasites can seriously affect the production of pigs in intensive farming. These diseases are applying prophylactic and therapeutic measures, as well as increased surveillance of professional services to keep under control. The aim of the intensive farming of pigs on commercial farms to produce a large number of weaned piglets and fattening pigs per sow per year. To achieve this goal it is necessary to establish a high reproductive efficiency of breeding animals. This can be achieved by adequate health care, modern technology and good organization of production with the use of appropriate procedures in the technology of artificial insemination. Biosecurity, welfare, good manufacturing practices and risk analysis at critical control points are very important elements in intensive pig production and using of biosecurity measures is critical to protecting the health and success of the production.Dobro zdravlje svinja predstavlja preduslov dobre reprodukcije, odnosno uspešne i profitabilne proizvodnje u svinjarstvu. Zdravstveni status stada zavisi od velikog broja činilaca , kao što su su tehnologija držanja, nege, ishrane, organizacija, stepen obučenosti kadrova kao i sistematsko sprovođenje mera zdravstvene zaštite. Danas smo svedoci da veliki broj oboljenja bakterijske,virusne etiologije kao i pojedine parazitoze mogu ozbiljno ugroziti proizvodnju svinja u intenzivnom uzgoju. Ove bolesti moguće je primenom profilaktičkih i terapeutskih mera, kao i pojačanim nadzorom stručnih službi držati pod kontrolom. Cilj intenzivne proizvodnje svinja na komercijalnim farmama je proizvesti što veći broj odbijene prasadi odnosno tovljenika po krmači godišnje. Za postizanje ovog cilja neophodno je uspostaviti visoku reproduktivnu efikasnost priplodnih životinja. To se može postići adekvatnom zdravstvenom zaštitom, savremenom tehnologijom i dobrom organizacijom proizvodnje uz primenu odgovarajućih postupaka u tehnologiji veštačkog osemenjavanja

Supklinički mastitisi ovaca - uzročnici i njihova osetljivost na pojedine antimikrobne lekove

The California mastitis test (CMT) was used to examine the milk of 6609 sheep, actually, from 13218 mammary complexes. A total of 986 milk samples were found to contain an increased number of somatic cells, and causes of mastitis were isolated from 910 (92.3%) of these samples. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were: E. coli isolated from 189 (20.76%) samples, Micrococcus sp from 186 (20.43%) samples, Bacillus sp. from 177 (19.45%), Staphylococcus aureus from 172 (18.9%) samples, and Proteus sp. from 121 (13.29%) samples of sheep milk. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were isolated in a much smaller number, from 25 (2.74%) samples, Streptococcus sp. was isolated from 19 (2.08%) samples, Pseudomonas sp. from 14 (1.53%) samples, haemolytic E. coli was isolated from only 6 (0.65%) samples, and Streptococcus agalactiae from only one sample. Among the 25 isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci, 16 (64%) isolates were identified as Staphylococcus chromogenes, and 9 (36%) isolates as Staphylococcus simulans. The sensitivity of the isolated causes of mastitis to antibiotics was examined using the disc diffusion method. .Kalifornija mastitis testom (CMT) ispitano je mleko uzorkovano od 6609 ovaca, odnosno iz 13 218 mamarnih kompleksa. Od 986 uzoraka mleka sa povećanim brojem somatskih ćelija u mleku iz 910 (92,3%) uzoraka izolovani su uzročnici mastitisa. Najčešći izolovani mikroorganizmi su: E. coli izolovana iz 189 (20,76%) uzoraka, Micrococcus sp. iz 186 (20,43%) uzoraka, Bacillus sp. iz 177 (19,45%), Staphylococcus aureus iz 172 (18,9%) uzorka i Proteus sp. iz 121 (13,29%) uzoraka mleka ovaca. Koagulaza negativne stafilokoke (CNS) izolovane su u mnogo manjem broju iz 25 (2,74%) uzoraka, Streptococcus sp. izolovan je iz 19 (2,08%) uzoraka, Pseudomonas sp. iz 14 (1,53%) uzoraka, hemolitične E. coli izolovane su iz svega 6 (0,65%) uzoraka, a Streptococcus agalactiae iz samo jednog uzorka. Od 25 izolata koagulaza negativnih stafilokoka kao Staphylococcus chromogenes identifikovano je 16 (64%) izolata, a kao Staphylococcus simulans 9 (36%) izolata. Osetljivost izolovanih uzročnika mastitisa na antimikrobne lekove ispitana je disk difuzionom metodom

Imunoprofilaksa mastitisa krava izazvanog sa Staphylococcus aureus

Mastitis in cows represents one of the most actual problems in intensive dairy production. The prevention of pathogen penetration in the udder, its colonization and reproduction impose the constant need for regular milk check-ups, and preventive and therapeutic measures. Staphylococcus aureus causes subclinical and clinical mastitis, which when in the acute form can originate difficult and malignant udder infections with granulomatous and necrotic changes. Chronic forms of Staphylococcal mastitis most often pass as subclinical cases. An efficient commercial vaccine has not been introduced yet, though the application of autochthonous vaccines in the prevention of mastitis can give satisfactory results. In this study we have developed and applied an autochthonous vaccine prepared from S. aureus isolated from milk samples taken from an experimental farm, as well as from the referent capsular strain S. aureus. The vaccine was applied to experimental dairy cattle twice before calving in a dose of 5 mL. It consisted of inactivated bacterial S. aureus JR3 cells in a quantity of 1x1010 cfu/mL and 5 mg SM capsule of the strain S. aureus 2286. This vaccination of dairy cows has resulted in a significant decrease of subclinical and clinical manifested mastitis in the treated group, when compared to the vaccinated group of experimental animals.Mastitisi krava predstavljaju jedan od najaktuelnijih problema u intenzivnoj proizvodnji mleka. Sprečavanje prodora patogenog uzročnika u mlečnu žlezdu, njegovo naseljavanje i razmnožavanje, nameću stalnu potrebu za redovnom kontrolom mleka, kao i preduzimanje preventivnih i terapijskih mera. Staphylococcus aureus izaziva subkliničke i kliničke forme mastitisa, koje mogu u akutnoj formi da izazovu teške, maligne mastitise u vidu granulomatoznih i nekrotičnih promena. Hronične forme stafilokoknog mastitisa uglavnom često prolaze kao subklinički oblici obolenja mlečne žlezde Još uvek nije pronađena komercijalna efikasna vakcina protiv mastitisa izazvanog S. aureus-om, ali primena autohtonih vakcina u preveniranju mastitisa može dati zadovoljavajuće rezultate. Koristili smo autohtonu vakcinu koju smo pripremili od S. aureus-a izolovanog iz mleka uzetog sa ogledne farme i referentnog kapsularnog soja S. aureus. Vakcina je dvokratno aplikovana oglednim kravama dva meseca pred telenje u dozi od 5 ml, a sastojala se od inaktivisanih bakterijskih ćelija S. aureus JR3 u količini od 1x1010 cfu/ml i 5 mg SM kapsule soja S. aureus 2286. Ovaj način vakcinisanja krava protiv mastitisa izazvanog Staphylococcus aureus-om doveo je do smanjenja subkliničkih i kliničkih mastitisa u značajno manjem procentu u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu krava

Locomotor system as health problem in boars on commercial farms

Problemi sa lokomotornim sistemom kod nerastova su česti na farmama komercijalnog tipa i predstavljaju jedan od glavnih problema isključenja nerastova iz procesa proizvodnje. Oboljenja lokomotornog sistema mogu ozbiljno da ugroze zdravlje nerastova. Na jednoj komercijalnoj farmi svinja, od 40 nerastova uvezenih iz Evropske unije, godišnje 6-7 nerastova koji se koriste u reprodukciji ima probleme sa akropodijumom. Godišnje se u proseku 3-4 nerasta zbog navedenih problema iskljuci iz procesa reprodukcije. Najveći problemi se javljaju posle prvog skoka, kao posledica slabe okoštalosti hrskavice butne kosti. Kod mladih zdravih nerastova, kao vid prevencije maže se mast za negu papaka, kako bi papci očvrsli. Usled betonskog poda prisutni su poremećaji u stavovima nogu, krivljenje distalnih delova ekstremiteta. Ustanovljeno je prisustvo artritisa.The problems with the musculoskeletal system in all categories of pigs are common at industrial swine farms representing one of the major issues leading to exclusion of sows and boars from the production process. Of the 40 imported boars, annually between 6 and 7 boars develop acropodial problems. Over a year, 3-4 boars are excluded from the reproduction due to the above problems. In most of boars problems occur after the first jump as result of weak cartilage ossification of the femoral bone. Locomotion system diseases in boars cause economic losses at pig farms

Morphological characteristics and expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the canine endometrium during the estrus cycle, cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra

The estrus cycle of bitches is divided into four phases: proestrus, estrus, diestrus and anestrus, during which different morphological changes, and also cyclic changes of estrogen and progesterone receptors are present. Several pathological changes can be differentiated on the endometrium, but one of these is the most important - cystic endometrial hyperplasia, which frequently develops into pyometra. The aim of the present study was to describe morphological characteristics, and expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors on the endometrium of mixed-breed bitches during the different phases of the estrus cycle, cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra. The uterus and ovaries of 36 mixed breed bitches in different phases of the estrus cycle and also with cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) and chronic purulent endometritis - pyometra were examined macroscopically, histopathologically, and immunohistochemically for estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR). During proestrus uterine cells showed a weak reaction for both estrogen and progesterone receptors, but during estrus a large number of uterine cells showed a strong reaction on estrogen receptors and moderate reaction on progesterone receptors. On the contrary, during diestrus the scores for the estrogen receptors decreased, while the progesterone receptors level increased - uterine cells expressed strong reaction for progesterone receptors, and moderate reaction for estrogen receptors. Uterine cells in cystic endometrial hyperplasia expressed a strong reaction for estrogen receptors, and moderate reaction for progesterone receptors, but on the other hand the uterine cells in the uterus with pyometra expressed a moderate to strong reaction for progesterone receptors, and a weak reaction for estrogen receptors. In further investigations it would be interesting to perform quantitative analysis for both estrogen and progesterone receptors during different phases of the estrus cycle and also in the uterus with cystic endometrial hyperplasia and pyometra

Uticaj nerasta i godišnje sezone na pojedine parametre fertilizacionog potencijala spermatozoida

In order to determine the more accurate fertile potential of sperm, it seems that the conventional parameters of boar semen quality (the ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, progressive motility, percentage of live sperm and of those with intact acrosomal morphology) are insufficient. Since recently, there have been numerous studies proving that protein concentration in sperm plasma has high positive correlation with boar fertile potential. The research objective was to determine the effect of boars as well as the season on the variation of protein content in the sperm plasma. For the research there were used spermal fractions of 2 boars with high (V-boar) and 2 boars with low (N-boar) protein content in spermal plasma. The ejaculates of boars were taken once a week, for a month, during one year (4 *12 = 48 ejaculates per boar). For protein analysis in the spermal plasma, the samples were prepared by centrifugation. The ejaculate volume, protein concentration and progressive motility varied considerably (p lt 0.05 or p lt 0.01) among the boars as well as in one and the same boar. The variations of the same parameters were determined also during both warm and cold season. On the other hand, protein concentration was rather constant, and in V-boars (ranged from 4 to 4.5%) while in N-boars (ranged from 2.3 to 2.6%). The season did not significantly affect (p > 0.01) protein content in sperm plasma (V-boars: 4 to 4.5% in warm and cold season; N-boars: 2.3 do 2.6% in warm and 2.3 to 2.5% in cold season). The obtained results showed that measurement of protein content in boar sperm plasma could be a useful method for their ranking, based on fertile potential of fresh semen.U cilju određivanja što tačnijeg fertilizacionog potencijala spermatozoida, čini se da konvencionalni parametri kvaliteta semena nerastova (volumen ejakulata, koncentracja spermatozoida, progresivna pokretljivost, procenat živih spermatozoida, kao i onih sa intaktnom akrozomalnom morfologijom) nisu dovoljni. Od nedavno, postoje brojna istraživanja koja dokazuju da koncentracja proteina u spermalnoj plazmi ima visoku pozitivnu korelaciju sa fertilizacionim potencijalom nerastova. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se utvrdi efekt nerasta kao i uticaj godišnje sezone na varijaciju sadržaja proteina u spermalnoj plazmi nerastova. Za ispitivanja su korištene spermalne frakcje 2 nerasta sa visokim (V-nerast) i 2 narasta sa niskim (N-nerast) sadržajem proteina u spermalnoj plazmi. Ejakulati su od nerastova uzimani jednom nedeljno, u okviru jednog meseca, tokom godinu dana (4*12=48 ejakulata po nerastu). Za analizu proteina u spermalnoj plazmi, uzorci su pripremljeni centrifugiranjem. Volumen ejakulata, koncentacja spermatozoida kao i progresivna pokretljivost su značajno varirali (p lt 0,05 ili p lt 0,01) između nerastova kao i kod jednog te istog nerasta. Varjacje istih parametara utvrđene su i tokom tople odnosno hladne sezone godine. Sa druge strane, koncentracja proteina je bila prilično konstantna, i kod V-nerastova (kretala se od 4 do 4,5%) i kod N-nerastova (kretala se od 2,3 do 2,6%). Sezona nije značajno uticala (p > 0,01) na sadržaj proteina u spermalnoj plazmi (V-nerastovi: 4 do 4,5% u toploj i hladnoj sezoni godine; N-nerastovi: 2,3 do 2,6% u toploj i 2,3 do 2,5% u hladnoj sezoni godine). Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju da bi merenje sadržaja proteina u spermalnoj plazmi nerastova mogao biti koristan metod za njihovo rangiranje, a na osnovu fertilizacionog potencijala svežeg semena

Uticaj sezone na kvalitet sperme nerasta

It was demonstrated that boar sperm production and characteristics significantly decrease in the wormer period of the year. As a result, the boars reproductive exploitation efficiency decrease in the wormer season. Therefore, the aim of the present paper was to investigate the influence of cold and warm season on the boars semen quality, in the our intensive pig production conditions. The obtained results clearly show that the main semen quality parameters were significantly (p lt 0.05 or p lt 0.01) higher in the cold, compared with the warm season (ejaculate volume=274ml, sperm concentration=229'106/ml, total sperm number=60'109, progressive motility=79%, and good ejaculates=96%, vs. 218ml, 208'106/ml, 45'109, 69% and 78%, resp.). In conclusion, keeping boars cool during summer and frequent observation of boars to determine if they are being heat- stressed, can significant reduce the negative influence of elevated ambient temperature on sperm production and, consequently, improve boars reproductive exploitation efficiency.Ustanovljeno je da su produkcija i osobine sperme nerasta značajno niže tokom toplijeg perioda godine. Posledično, u ovom periodu godine značajno se smanjuje efikasnost reproduktivnog iskorištavanja nerastova. Zbog toga je cilj ovog rada bio da se ustanovi uticaj hladne i tople godišnje sezone na parametre kvaliteta sperme u našim uslovima intenzivne proizvodnje svinja. Dobijeni rezultati jasno pokazuju da su osnovni parametri kvaliteta ejakulata značajno veći (p lt 0.05 or p lt 0.01) u hladnoj, nego u toploj godišnjoj sezoni (volumen ejakulata=274ml, koncentracija spermatozoida=229'106/ml, ukupan broj spermatozoida=60'109, progresivna pokretljivost=79% i dobrih ejakulata=96%, prema 218ml, 208'106/ml, 45'109, 69% i 78%). Zaključak je da rashlađivanje nerastova tokom leta i češća observacija prisustva toplotnog stresa, može značajno smanjiti negativan uticaj povišene ambijentalne temperature na produkciju sperme i, posledično, povećati efikasnost reproduktivnog iskorištavanja nerastova