Survey on Variants of Cross Language Information Retrieval

To provide the user with relevant information, is the utmost goal of information retrieval.As the information on web is available in many languages, retrieval need not be restricted to single language. We can place the query in any language and also can search for information in documents represented in any language. In this paper different flavors of retrieval with respect to language like monolingual,bilingual,cross lingual and multilingual are summarized. Different types of resources available to perform the search are also described

AN ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACCEPTANCE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN KERALA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TRIVANDRUM

This research paper analyses the socio-economic factors affecting the appeal and adoption of electric vehicles among the residents of Thiruvananthapuram district in Kerala. The study is conducted among 120 respondents with equal representation of both the genders. A well-structured questionnaire was circulated using google forms to collect the data. The major factors that positively influenced people’s decision to buy electric vehicles are the positive environmental effects and the rising fuel prices. The major factors that pushed people away from buying electric vehicles were observed to be technical in nature- limited infrastructure, long charging times and limited range

In-Vitro Investigation of Selected Plant Extract in MDA-MB 231 Cell Line for the Treatment of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most prominent cancer in women across India (Crown [et al.[, 2012), where TNBC in specific lacks the expression of ER, PR, and HER2 receptors remaining the biggest obstacles in cancer treatment (Kumar [et al.], 2016). Current therapeutic management of TNBC are not effective because of poor prognosis and lack of targeted therapies (Hwang [et al.], 2019). The therapeutic properties of plant extract against various diseases were gathered for their beneficial and remedial effect (Talib [et al.], 2010; Levitsky [et al.], 2015). Many traditional medicine ingredients extracts were proven for all stages of cancer in the development of adjuvant or alternative therapy (Dixit [et al.], 2019). The present study explored the anticancer activity of Malphigia emarginata extract on human breast cancer cell lines. Previously, no study has reported the proliferative effect of Malphigia emarginata extract against human breast cancer cell line MDA MD-231, therefore anti-proliferative and apoptotic changes of Malphigia emarginata were evaluated by measuring cancer cell proliferation, apoptotic stage and cell migration and ROS production respectively. The extracts added in different concentration from 31.25μg/ml to 500μg/ml induced a strong cytotoxic effect in a dose dependent manner suggesting that the extract inhibited cell proliferation compared with untreated cell growth. Dose dependent increase application of Malphigia emarginata inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation shown in the Figure 7. Morphological changes exhibited condensed nucleus, cell shrinkage, cell membrane destruction and apoptotic body formation with more necrosed cells upon increase in concentration showing different stages of apoptosis as shown in Figure 8. More than 90% of human cancer-related deaths occurs due to metastatic spread of cancer (Lin [et al.], 2019). Cell migration involved in metastasis developed as a life-threatening stage accompanied by induction of phenotype. Findings showed that the migration potential decreased after treatment after 24h (Figure 9b). The cancer treatment has been reported to induce ROS- dependent cell death in cancer cells (Liao [et al.], 2009). ROS have been associated with cancer initiation, progression and metastasis. Results revealed the increased endogenous ROS production leading to the development of oxidative stress at high concentration as shown in Figure 10 resulting in cell membrane damage and cell lysis with mitochondrial membrane apoptosis. The Malphigia emarginata used to treat disorders such as diabetes, inflammation and gastrointestinal ailments (Schreckinger [et al.], 2010). Recent studies suggest that the Malphigia emarginata and its biologically active pytoconstituents such as ascorbic acid, flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolics, carotenoids and stilbenenes which may be responsible for its anti-carcinogenic activity (Chaudhary [et al.], 2020). From previous findings, identification and fractionation of various individual phytoconstituents from different stages of fruit extract at high concentration were quantified by HPLC were reported for its anticancer activity including ascorbic acid (Mezadri [et al.], 2008) and phenolics for its better anti-oxidant, scavenging activity (Marques [et al.], 2016), flavonoids including rutin, epicatechin, quercetin, kaemperol reported for cancer initiation, progression and metastasis (Nascimento [et al.], 2018) and carotenoids including beta-carotene were reported for its beneficial effect (Porez-gulvez et al., 2005). Similarily quantification of volatile compounds by GC-MS including furfural, hexadecanoic acid (Pino [et al.], 2001), anthocyanins reported (de Rosso [et al.], 2005) stilbenenes (resveratrol) have been demonstrated in many types of cancer including those of the breast. These results suggest that the Malphigia emarginata possess significant phytochemical properties depending on the chemical structure of the molecule, hence the can be exploited for plant based anti-breast cancer activity in the near future. In-vitro findings of ABTS and DPPH indicate dose-dependent inhibition of Malphigia emarginata extract exhibiting cytotoxicity only at the higher concentrations. In-vivo studies (Barros [et al.], 2019) reported for lung carcinogenesis induced in mice and hepatoprotective effect through inflammatory responses (Issue [et al.], 2004) and galactosamine induced liver injury with phenolic compounds suggests the fruit extract reported for its mild biological activity (Nagamine [et al.], 2004). Other studies involving hepatoprotective effect against ethanol-induced stress in mice having antioxidant properties of acerola juice (Rochette [et al.], 2013). In summary, Many plant species are currently used for the prevention and treatment of cancer, such as Taxus brevifolia: paclitaxel and Catharanthus roseus: vincristine and vinblastine (Akhtar and swamy, 2018). Malphigia emarginata extract killed all cancer cells and inhibited cell proliferation, migration at higher concentration with essential bioactive phytoconstituents analytically reported that are responsible for its anticancer activity (Lim [et al.], 2012). Given the long history of Malphigia emarginata consumption around the world with no reported side effects and its pharmacological applications have been demonstrated by many studies (Belwal [et al.], 2018), it is suggested that Malphigia emarginata should be studied for activity against human breast cancer. In addition, the use of Malphigia emarginata has been growing in health and cosmetic areas (Hanamura [et al.], 2008). Thus from our findings the extract may have moderate therapeutic potential in the management of breast cancer. However further investigation is required for elucidation of molecular mechanisms suggesting for its potent anticancer activity. CONCLUSION: From these studies, we conclude that our findings supported that the Malphigia emarginata through the investigation of in-vitro, exerted an evidence on Anti-proliferative activity and also confirms the apoptotic stage with the inhibition of migration potential and elevated ROS production in TNBC cells. Based on the reported Phytochemicals analysis, Malphigia emarginata extract holds a novel promise strategies in cancer therapy, as a new identical potential treatment for patients with metastatic TNBC

A Study on the Correlation of Serum Uric Acid and Microalbuminuria in Prehypertension

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: 1. To study the prevalence of hyperuricaemia in prehypertensive individuals. 2. To study the relationship between uric acid and microalbuminuria in prehypertensive adults. 3. To study if hyperuricemia has an independent role in target organ damage among prehypertensive subjects, as reflected by microalbuminuria. MATERIALS AND METHODS: SETTING: Outpatient clinic of Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai DESIGN OF STUDY: Analytical-cross sectional study. PERIOD OF STUDY: Six months (March 2010-October 2010). SAMPLE SIZE AND SELECTION OF STUDY SUBJECTS: Hundred prehypertensive subjects(both newly and previously diagnosed) attending the outpatient clinic were included in this Analytical cross sectional study. This study group included males and females in the age group of 20-45years. SUMMARY: This study “CORRELATION BETWEEN SERUM URIC ACID AND MICROALBUMINURIA IN PREHYPERTENSION” was carried out in Govt. Rajaji Hospital, Madurai Medical College, Madurai from March 2010 to October 2010. 100 cases of prehypertension in the age group of 20-45years were studied during this period.Male subjects-43% and females-57%. Hyperuricaemia was found to be strongly associated with microalbuminuria in prehypertensive subjects. Increased uric acid level in a prehypertensive group should be considered as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSION: The following conclusions were derived from the study, 1.Prehypertension clusters with other cardiovascular risk factors like smoking, alchoholism, dyslipidemia ,microalbuminuria and hyperuricaemia. 2.Hyperuricaemia is an independent risk factor for microalbuminuria and thereby cardiovascular risk in prehypertension. 3. Urinary albumin excretion rate can be used as an immediate end point to evaluate the outcome of lowering the uric acid level in future investigations, and this will help draw a conclusion regarding its relation with cardiovascular disease. 4. As per JNC 7, pharmacological treatment is recommended for prehypertension, only if associated with diabetes, chronic kidney disease,microalbuminuria, etc, this study suggests that the subset of patients with hyperuricaemia can also be regarded as a high risk group who could benefit from blood pressure lowering therapy

Association of age and caries experience among adult population - An institutional study

Oral health is closely related with general health and people’s quality of life, through affecting their oral functions and social interactions. Dental caries are the major concerns among oral health.The aim of the study is to assess caries experience based on Decayed Missing Filled Teeth Index (DMFT) index among adults patients visiting a private dental college in Chennai. DMFT index was used to evaluate the caries experience. Patient case sheets were reviewed, index scores and age of the patients were collected . 4567 patients were selected for the study and tabulated in excel sheet and statistically analysed using SPSS. Frequency distribution was done using descriptive statistics and Chisquare test was used to analyse the association of caries experience with different age groups. In this study, it was observed that 18-35 year old patients were most prevalent (47.7%) and DMFT scores ranging from 0-7 were maximum with 58.2%. Within the limits of the study, results of the study showed that DMFT score of more than 8 suggesting higher caries experience was prevalent in study participants above 55 years of age. DMFT score of 0-7 was the most prevalent score among 18-35 years and 36-55 years

Efficacy of pipelle aspiration in diagnosing endometrial pathology in perimenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding: A Comparative study

BACKGROUND: The present prospective descriptive study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of pipelle with hysteroscopic directed biopsy for the collection of endometrial samples adequate for histological examination in perimenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding. METHODOLOGY: 130 perimenopausal women with clinical diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding will be selected from the gynaecology OPD of IOG based on the following inclusion and exclusion criteria and will be subjected to endometrial sampling by pipelle followed by hysteroscopy directed biopsy RESULTS: Both the procedures showed normal endometrium in 66 patients. 1 case of adenocacinoma was correctly diagnosed by both procedures. Pipelle could diagnose only 1 case of polyp while hysteroscope diagnosed all 5 cases of polyp. Pipelle missed the diagnosis of 1 case of submucous fibroid that was correctly picked up by the hyseroscope. Out of the 56 cases of hyperplasia diagnosed by hysteroscope, 50 cases were diagnosed by pipelle; 3 was diagnosed as normal and 3 as scanty endometrium. CONCLUSION: Endometrial sampling using Pipelle is an easy, effective and safe method for obtaining endometrial tissue for diagnosis in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. It can be done as an outpatient procedure. Moreover, it is cost effective, is minimally invasive procedure and has better patient compliance in addition to the added advantage of no use of anesthesia or other procedure complications like perforation compared to hysteroscopy

A prospective study on injection tramadol hydrochloride as a labour analgesic and its effect on duration of labour

INTRODUCTION: “The Delivery of the infant into the arms of a conscious and pain free mother is one of the most exciting and rewarding moments in medicine” – Moir. Pain is the single most sentinel for the beginning of labor. The pain of labour is unique in that it is a normal physiological process. Labour may be the most painful experience many women may encounter. Pain relief in labour has always been surrounded with myths and controversies. Hence providing effective and safe analgesia during labour has remained as an on going challenge. “For all happiness mankind can gain is not in pleasure but in rest from pain” – John Dryden. Read (1944) has emphasised that the intensity of pain during labour is related in large measure to emotional tension. Pain and agony during childbirth is acute often unbearable and at times beyond description. In painful labour there is 25% reduction in the uteroplacental blood flow. Effective analgesia prevents the pain induced hyperventilation and hypocapnia which can be severe enough to produce tetany in painful labour. Adequate analgesia during labour is of benefit to the mother and has a positive influence on the course of labor and the state of newborn child, thus making obstetrical analgesia an essential part of modern obstetrics. The American college of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (2002) has stated that a “woman’s request for labor pain relief is sufficient medical indication for its provision”. Adequate analgesia during labor is beneficial to the mother and has a positive influence on the course of labor and the newborn child. The experience of labour pain is modified by emotional, motivational cognitive, cultural and social circumstances. Choice among a variety of methods and individualization of pain relief is describable. An ideal analgesic should be easy to administer, should not affect the consciousness level of the parturient, provide reversible, predictable and good analgesia. It should allow the parturient to ambulate at least during early stages of labour and not interfere with uterine contractions. It should not be toxic to mother and fetus and not produce cardiorespriratory depression in the foetus. Tramadol is a weak opioid agent, which has an analogous analgesic efficacy to meperidine (pethidine). It causes less neonatal respiratory depression and less sedative effect. In the present study, the efficacy of intramuscular tramadol hydrochloride as a labour analgesic and its effect on the duration of labour and its effect on the mother and newborn were studied. AIM OF THE STUDY: 1. To study the effect of intramuscular tramadol hydrochloride for pain relief in labour in primigravid patients. 2. To study the effect of the drug on duration of labour. 3. To study effect of the drug on the mother and newborn. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Type of study: This is a prospective comparative interventional study. Population under study: Primigravida with full term singleton pregnancy admitted in labour at Institute of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Egmore from August 2011 to August 2012. Methodology: 400 primigravid women with singleton term gestation admitted in labour were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Inclusion Criteria: Primigravid women with: 1. Singleton live foetus with satisfactory admission CTG. 2. Gestational age between 37 – 42 weeks. 3. Vertex presentation with no evidence of CPD. 4. In active phase of labour. Criteria for active phase of labour: well effaced cervix, dilatation more than 4 cm, good uterine contractions i.e. 3 contractions in 30 minutes each lasting for atleast 35-40 seconds. Exclusion Criteria: 1. History of hypersensitivity to the drug. 2. Women with associated medical conditions like heart disease, chronic hypertension, epilepsy, respiratory and renal diseases. 3. Associated obstetric complications like APH, GDM, hypertension in pregnancy, CPD, multiple gestation. SUMMARY: This study is a prospective comparative interventional study. 200 patients were allocated to the study group and another 200 to the control group. The study group received 100 mg of injection tramadol hydrochloride intramuscularly when they reached active labour. Degree of pain relief was assessed using numeric pain relief score. Duration of all three stages were calculated in both the groups. Other parameters like onset of drug action, mode of delivery, maternal cardio respiratory parameters, fetal heart rate and neonatal APGAR score were assessed. There was a significant decrease in the pain score after drug administration in stage 1 (p value < 0.0001). There was moderate pain relief in 68% of patients and mild pain relief in 13.5% of patients and no pain relief in 5.5% of patients. After drug administration in the study group 39.7% patients had severe pain, 44.25% had moderate pain and 16.1% had mild pain. In the control group all patients had severe pain he pain. The second stage pain in the study group is lesser than in the control group which is statistically significant. (p value-<0.001). The average duration of labour in the study group was 287.21±65.43minutes and 307.55±68.31 minutes in the control group. The total duration of labour is significantly less in the study group (p value 0.0063). The duration of first stage is significantly less in the study group compared to the control group (p value <0.0005). Though the duration of stage 2 and stage 3 are less in study group the difference is not statistically significant. In the present study in comparison to the control group there is a statistically significant increase in nausea (p value < 0.0001) and drowsiness ( p value 0.024). Vomiting was also increased in study group compared to the controls, but is not statistically significant. There was no respiratory depression in any of the new borns the study group. There was no alteration in the maternal cardio respiratory parameters with the drug. CONCLUSION: Tramadol hydrochloride is a safe and effective drug for pain relief in active labour. It also causes a significant reduction in the duration of labour. The tolerance is good without any adverse effects on the mother and newborn. Tramadol can be instituted as a safe and effective drug for pain relief in labour

Comparative Evaluation of Force Transmission and Wear Resistance between Titanium and Zirconia Abutment at Implant Abutment Interface after Cyclic Loading: An Invitro Study

Purpose of the study: The study examined the wear resistance of Titanium and Zirconia abutment at the implant – abutment interface after force transmission through cyclic loading simulating 4 months of intra oral function. Materials and methods: One implant with standard platform was connected to ten Titanium abutments (Group I) and one implant with standard platform was connected to ten Zirconia abutments Group II) which were positioned on the fibre reinforced epoxy resin block. The final torque of the implant was 45 N/cm. The abutments were connected and torqued to 25N/cm. The samples were cyclic loaded at 200 N at frequency of 2Hz for 1,80,000 cycles to simulate 4 months of intra oral function. The samples underwent SEM analysis before and after cyclic loading. The post cyclic loaded samples underwent EDAX to examine the suspended particles. The results were statistically analyzed using ‘t’ test and Levene’s test. Results: The wear resistance of the post cyclic loaded Group I (2.22%) were higher than the Group II (12.01%) at the implant- abutment interface and was statistically significant. The EDAX revealed the suspended particles at the implant-abutment interface was higher for Group II (62.42%) than Group I (8.36%) and was statistically significant. Conclusion: Wear at the implant abutment - interface was higher for Zirconia abutments compared to Titanium abutments. Dispersion of particles was higher in Zirconia abutments at the implant-abutment interface than Titanium abutments

Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in females in the reproductive age group in Kadur, Karnataka, India

Background: Bacterial vaginosis, well known as the nonspecific vaginitis is caused by the normal resident flora of the vagina, predominantly by the peroxides producing lactobacillus species, when there is a disparity in their proportion and replaced by Gardinerella vaginalis, Mycoplasm hominis, Mobilunceus species, Bacteroids species, Prevotela species, Fusobacterium species and Porphyromonus species, Peptostreptococcus species.Methods: A cross section study was performed to study the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis in the reproductive age group women and the associated risk factors. The diagnosis of the vaginosis was made from the smear and Amsle’s clinical criteria.Results: Out of 250 patients 112 (44.8%) were diagnosed to have BV, 20-29-year age group had the largest percentage of infection 69 (61.6%). IUCD users 36 (32.14%) are found to be suffering from BV. Vaginal candidiasis, trichomonas vaginalis and atypical cell of unknown significant was seen in 32 (28.5%), 9 (8.03%) and 17 (15.17%) women respectively.Conclusions: A routine high vaginal swab for smear and culture must be performed for every woman presenting with chronic white discharge and itching, to prevent misuse usage of antibiotic. Further studies are needed to study the associated risk factors for BV

Emergency obstretic hysterectomy: a retrospective study in a tertiary care center

Background: Obstetric hysterectomy remains a necessity in preventing maternal mortality in catastrophic rupture of the uterus or intractable postpartum hemorrhage when all the conservative management options fail. Uterine atony followed by abnormal placentation remains the primary indication of emergency obstratic hysterectomy worldwide. In majority of cases, anticipation, prompt resuscitation and earlier surgical intervention by skilled operator will reduce patient’s morbidity and mortality. The first successful operation was performed in 1876. The main objective of the study was to study frequency, indications and fetomaternal outcome of emergency obstetric hysterectomy in tertiary care center.Methods: Observational, retrospective and analytical study was done over 2 years from January 2017 to January 2019. A total of 11 cases of emergency obstretic hysterectomy (EOH) were recorded.Results: The overall incidence was 1.47 per 1000 deliveries. Atonic postpartum hemorrhage (54%) was the most common indication followed by placenta previa (18%) and placenta accreta (9%). Second gravida were mostly involved (45%) with previous LSCS (45%) as a common risk factor in commonest age group of 20-25 years (46%) amongst them. The most frequent squeal was disseminated intravascular coagulation (45%). Maternal mortality was nil while neonatal mortality being 9%. The decision of performing total or subtotal hysterectomy along with bilateral internal iliac ligation was influenced by patient’s condition.Conclusions: Emergency obstretic hysterectomy is the most demanding obstretic surgery performed in circumstances of life threatening hemorrhages where conservative surgical modalities fail and interventional radiology is not immediately available. Antenatal anticipation of the risk factors, involvement of experienced obstetrician at the early stage of management and prompt hystrectomy after adequate rescuitation will reduce fetomaternal mortality and morbidity