Bio medical Waste Management : A Case Study of Pune City

There are number of hospitals in all over the India which emits the Bio medical waste in large quantities in the form of contaminated and non-contaminated waste which are hazardous to health. Proper handling, treatment and disposal of Bio medical waste play a vital role in hospital infection controlled program. Unfortunately lack of adequate training, improper management, illiteracy about handling and awareness and no execution of Bio medical handling rules leads to staid health and environmental apprehension. Careless handling and disposal of these infectious wastes may lead to serious threat to life human as well as animals. This study explains the existing information about bio medical waste management, segregation, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal. Also this study explains lacunas of existing management system of bio medical waste, the recommendations and suggestions of bio medical waste management

Molecular insights into Coumarin analogues as antimicrobial agents: Recent developments in drug discovery

A major global health risk has been witnessed with the development of drug-resistant bacteria and multidrug-resistant pathogens linked to significant mortality. Coumarins are heterocyclic compounds belonging to the benzophenone class enriched in different plants. Coumarins and their derivatives have a wide range of biological activity, including antibacterial, anticoagulant, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antitumour, and enzyme inhibitory effects. In the past few years, attempts have been reported towards the optimization, synthesis, and evaluation of novel coumarin analogues as antimicrobial agents. Several coumarin-based antibiotic hybrids have been developed, and the majority of them were reported to exhibit potential antibacterial effects. In the present work, studies reported from 2016 to 2020 about antimicrobial coumarin analogues are the focus. The diverse biological spectrum of coumarins can be attributed to their free radical scavenging abilities. In addition to various synthetic strategies developed, some of the structural features include a heterocyclic ring with electron-withdrawing/donating groups conjugated with the coumarin nucleus. The suggested structure−activity relationship (SAR) can provide insight into how coumarin hybrids can be rationally improved against multidrug-resistant bacteria. The present work demonstrates molecular insights for coumarin derivatives having antimicrobial properties from the recent past. The detailed SAR outcomes will benefit towards leading optimization during the discovery and development of novel antimicrobial therapeutics

Therapeutic Outcomes of Isatin and Its Derivatives against Multiple Diseases: Recent Developments in Drug Discovery

Isatin (1H indole 2, 3-dione) is a heterocyclic, endogenous lead molecule recognized in humans and different plants. The isatin nucleus and its derivatives are owed the attention of researchers due to their diverse pharmacological activities such as anticancer, anti-TB, antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, anti-HIV, and so on. Many research chemists take advantage of the gentle structure of isatins, such as NH at position 1 and carbonyl functions at positions 2 and 3, for designing biologically active analogues via different approaches. Literature surveys based on reported preclinical, clinical, and patented details confirm the multitarget profile of isatin analogues and thus their importance in the field of medicinal chemistry as a potent chemotherapeutic agent. This review represents the recent development of isatin analogues possessing potential pharmacological action in the years 2016–2020. The structure–activity relationship is also discussed to provide a pharmacophoric pattern that may contribute in the future to the design and synthesis of potent and less toxic therapeutics

Thermoresponsive polystyrene-<i style="">b</i>-poly(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide) copolymers by atom transfer radical polymerization

781-787Atom transfer radical polymerization has been employed for the polymerization of styrene initiated by ethyl-2-bromoisobutyrate in anisole at 100 °C with Cu(I)Br/PMDETA as the catalytic system. Kinetic investigations reveal that polymerization of styrene proceeds in a controlled manner with a first order plot of monomer consumption and with low polydispersity (Mw/Mn < 1.10). Well defined thermoresponsive diblock copolymer has been successfully synthesized using PS-Br macroinitiator. The amphilphilic behaviour of the diblock copolymers leads to phase separation resulting in two glass transition temperatures as detected by DSC. TGA analysis also shows the two-step decomposition

<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" lang="EN-GB">In situ</span></i><span style="font-size:13.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Mangal; mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" lang="EN-GB"> formation of silver nanoparticles in thermosensitive glycogels and <span style="font-size:13.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:HI" lang="EN-GB">evaluation of its antibacterial activity</span></span>

441-446<span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: " times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:theserif-b5plain;mso-bidi-font-family:="" mangal;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:="" hi"="" lang="EN-GB">Copolymeric thermosensitive hydrogel, N-isopropylacrylamide and glycomonomer based on D-galactose have been synthesized by free radical polymerization using <span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family: " times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-bidi-font-family:="" mangal;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;mso-bidi-language:="" hi"="" lang="EN-GB">2,2′-azobis-isobutyronitrile<span style="font-size:9.0pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:theserif-b5plain;="" mso-bidi-font-family:mangal;mso-ansi-language:en-gb;mso-fareast-language:en-us;="" mso-bidi-language:hi"="" lang="EN-GB"> as initiator and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker. This hydrogel has been further used as template to synthesize AgNPs. The composite glycogel containing AgNPs has been characterized by different techniques and tested for antibacterial activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa.</span

Intramolecular 5-endo-trig aminomercuration of β-hydroxy-γ-alkenylamines: efficient route to a pyrrolidine ring and its application for the synthesis of (+)-castanospermine and analogues

The intramolecular aminomercuration reaction of sugar-derived β-hydroxy-γ-alkenylamines 8a-c undergoes 5-endo-trig cyclization in high yield. The sugar-substituted pyrrolidines thus obtained were elaborated to the synthesis of polyhydroxylated indolizidine alkaloids, namely, castanospermine 1a, 1-epi-castanospermine 1b, and 8a-epi-castanospermine 1c, having promising glycosidase inhibitory activities

Gnidia glauca- and Plumbago zeylanica-Mediated Synthesis of Novel Copper Nanoparticles as Promising Antidiabetic Agents

Rapid, eco-friendly, and cost-effective one-pot synthesis of copper nanoparticles is reported here using medicinal plants like Gnidia glauca and Plumbago zeylanica. Aqueous extracts of flower, leaf, and stem of G. glauca and leaves of P. zeylanica were prepared which could effectively reduce Cu2+ ions to CuNPs within 5 h at 100°C which were further characterized using UV-visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Further, the CuNPs were checked for antidiabetic activity using porcine pancreatic α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition followed by evaluation of mechanism using circular dichroism spectroscopy. CuNPs were found to be predominantly spherical in nature with a diameter ranging from 1 to 5 nm. The phenolics and flavonoids in the extracts might play a critical role in the synthesis and stabilization process. Significant change in the peak at ∼1095 cm−1 corresponding to C-O-C bond in ether was observed. CuNPs could inhibit porcine pancreatic α-amylase up to 30% to 50%, while they exhibited a more significant inhibition of α-glucosidase from 70% to 88%. The mechanism of enzyme inhibition was attributed due to the conformational change owing to drastic alteration of secondary structure by CuNPs. This is the first study of its kind that provides a strong scientific rationale that phytogenic CuNPs synthesized using G. glauca and P. zeylanica can be considered to develop candidate antidiabetic nanomedicine