Introduction. Les élections législatives et présidentielles en Égypte de 2005 à 2010

Entre septembre et décembre 2005, les 32 millions d’électeurs égyptiens étaient appelés à élire leur président de la République puis les 454 députés de l’Assemblée du peuple (Majlis al-Cha‘ab), la chambre basse du Parlement. Tout au long de cette année électorale, les commentaires mêlent passion démocratique d’un « printemps » égyptien et pessimisme de ceux qui ne s’en laissent pas compter : ces élections relèveraient d’une démocratie de façade élaborée avec virtuosité par un régime manœuvrie..

Préface

Entre le 25 janvier et le 11 février 2011, un soulèvement populaire a mis fin à trente ans de règne de Hosni Moubarak. La jeunesse, qui forme la grande majorité de la population égyptienne et dont toute la vie avait été soumise à la domination d’un président unique, est descendue dans la rue pour réclamer le départ du président et la fin de son système de gouvernance autoritaire. Humiliations et arbitraire quotidiens, violence des relations politiques, corruption généralisée, inflation non ma..

Management of the irradiated N0-neck during salvage pharyngo-laryngeal surgery

Background: Salvage surgeries are challenging procedures, with an associated poor prognosis. Management of the N0 neck in those situations remains controversial. We aim to compare oncologic outcomes regarding neck management after surgery for N0 pharyngo-laryngeal carcinoma occurring after loco-regional radiotherapy. Methods: We conducted a multicentric retrospective study, including all patients undergoing surgery for persistent, recurrent or new primary N0 carcinoma of the oropharynx, hypopharynx or larynx between 2005 and 2015, following loco-regional radiotherapy. Results: A total of 239 patients were included, concerning respectively 44%, 34% and 22% oropharyngeal, laryngeal and hypopharyngeal tumors operated. A neck dissection was performed in 143 patients (60%), with an occult nodal metastasis rate of 9%. This rate was higher for hypopharyngeal carcinomas (18%, p = 0.16) and tumors with initial nodal involvement (16%, p = 0.05). With a median follow-up of 60 months, the median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival rates (PFS) were 34 months and 25 months. We identified negative margin excision status, age at the time of surgery (under 60) and delay between RT and surgery over 2 years as the only variables associated with better OS (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.004) and PFS (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.010) in multivariable analysis, with no difference regarding neck management. Regional progression (alone or with distant metastasis) was noted in 10 cases: 4 in the neck observation group (4%) versus 6 in the neck dissection group (4%). Conclusion: Elective lymph node dissection of irradiated neck should not be routinely performed in patients undergoing surgery for persistent, recurrent or new primary pharyngo-laryngeal carcinoma

The super thin external pudendal artery (STEPA) free flap for oropharyngeal reconstruction – A case report

The radial forearm flap is one of the most used micro‐anastomotic flaps in cervicofacial reconstruction in a carcinological context. This flap is an ideal in terms of reliability and fineness; it has, however, some disadvantages in terms of the functional and aesthetic complications of its donor site. In alternative to a radial forearm free flap, we report the use of the free super thin external pudendal artery flap (STEPA flap) for an oropharyngeal reconstruction. The aim was to decrease the donor site morbidity. A 71‐years‐old man with a T2N0M0 oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma has undergone surgical treatment. A left STEPA free flap was performed to reconstruct a defect about 8 × 6 cm2. This flap was designed as a half‐scrotal free flap sized 9 × 7 cm2 and was inset after tunneling of the pedicle at the floor of the mouth. A surgical revision was needed on the 15th day postoperative for disunion. There was no skin flap failure. After 12 month of follow‐up, no complication was observed at the donor site and no erectile dysfunction was recorded. Its characteristics in terms of fineness, flexibility, ease of conformation, and pedicle length are similar to those of the radial forearm flap with less aesthetic and functional sequelae of the donor site. The STEPA flap may be a promising free flap in oropharyngeal or oral cavity reconstruction

Risk Factors for Pharyngocutaneous Fistula After Total Pharyngolaryngectomy

Purpose:To evaluate the risk factors of pharyngocutaneous fistula after total pharyngolaryngectomy (TPL) in orderto reduce theirincidence and propose a perioperative rehabilitation protocol.Materials and Methods:This was a multicenter retrospectivestudy based on 456 patients operated for squamous cell carcinoma by total laryngectomy or TPL. Sociodemographic, medical,surgical, carcinologic, and biological risk factors were studied. Reactive C protein was evaluated on post-op day 5. Patients weredivided into a learning population and a validation population with patients who underwent surgery between 2006 and 2013 andbetween 2014 and 2016, respectively. A risk score of occurrence of salivary fistula was developed from the learning population dataand then applied on the validation population (temporal validation).Objective:To use a preoperative risk score in order tomodify practices and reduce the incidence of pharyngocutaneous fistula.Results:Four hundred fifty-six patients were included,328 in the learning population and 128 in the validation population. The combination of active smoking over 20 pack-years, ahistory of cervical radiotherapy, mucosal closure in separate stitches instead of running sutures, and the placement of a pedicleflap instead of a free flap led to a maximum risk of post-op pharyngocutaneous fistula after TPL. The risk score was discriminantwith an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.66 (95% confidence interval [CI]¼0.59-0.73) and 0.70 (95% CI¼0.60-0.81) for the learning population and the validation population, respectively.Conclusion:A preoperative risk score couldbe used to reduce the rate of pharyngocutaneous fistula after TPL by removing 1 or more of the 4 identified risk factors

Dual Relief of T-lymphocyte Proliferation and Effector Function Underlies Response to PD-1 Blockade in Epithelial Malignancies

Although understanding of T-cell exhaustion is widely based on mouse models, its analysis in patients with cancer could provide clues indicating tumor sensitivity to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Data suggest a role for costimulatory pathways, particularly CD28, in exhausted T-cell responsiveness to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Here, we used single-cell transcriptomic, phenotypic, and functional approaches to dissect the relation between CD8+ T-cell exhaustion, CD28 costimulation, and tumor specificity in head and neck, cervical, and ovarian cancers. We found that memory tumor–specific CD8+ T cells, but not bystander cells, sequentially express immune checkpoints once they infiltrate tumors, leading, in situ, to a functionally exhausted population. Exhausted T cells were nonetheless endowed with effector and tumor residency potential but exhibited loss of the costimulatory receptor CD28 in comparison with their circulating memory counterparts. Accordingly, PD-1 inhibition improved proliferation of circulating tumor–specific CD8+ T cells and reversed functional exhaustion of specific T cells at tumor sites. In agreement with their tumor specificity, high infiltration of tumors by exhausted cells was predictive of response to therapy and survival in ICB-treated patients with head and neck cancer. Our results showed that PD-1 blockade–mediated proliferation/reinvigoration of circulating memory T cells and local reversion of exhaustion occur concurrently to control tumors

9. Des victimes en mouvement sociologie d’une controverse publique sur la violence d’État au Maroc

Le 6 janvier 2006, le roi du Maroc recevait au Palais royal de Rabat des victimes de la violence d’État à l’occasion d’un discours à la Nation, retransmis en direct sur les ondes de la radio et de la télévision marocaines. Il accueillait « solennellement les anciennes victimes, leurs familles, les représentants de citoyens ayant vécu les affres du mépris des années passées, les uns cicatrisés, les autres achevant un long deuil, devisant avec eux […] ». Sans doute, ce discours clôturant les tr..

Le problème de la « personne » (particulièrement en latin). À propos de l'article de E. Benveniste, Structure des relations de personne dans le verbe

Vairel Hélène. Le problème de la « personne » (particulièrement en latin). À propos de l'article de E. Benveniste, Structure des relations de personne dans le verbe . In: L'Information Grammaticale, N. 2, 1979. pp. 39-46

« Qu’avez-vous fait de vos vingt ans ? » Militantismes marocains du 23-mars (1965) au 20 février (2011)

Frédéric Vairel, 2012, « « Qu’avez-vous fait de vos vingt ans ? » Militantismes marocains du 23-mars (1965) au 20 février (2011) », L’Année du Maghreb n° VIII | 2012. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/anneemaghreb/147