The time-out length influence on the available bandwidth of the selective failure mode of transport protocol in the load data transmission pat

The model of asynchronous control procedure of virtual connection of the transport Protocol in the mode of selective failure in the form of a two-dimensional Markov chain with discrete time, taking into account the influence of Protocol parameters window size and the length of the timeout of waiting for end-to-end acknowledgement, the probability of packets distortion in individual links of the data path and queue lengths in transit nodes from the “external” flows onto the bandwidth of the virtual connection. The analysis of the dependence of the throughput of the control procedure on the protocol parameters, the error level in the communication channels, the length of the data transmission path, and the distribution of the queue sizes at the transit nodes

Rough gold films as broadband absorbers for plasmonic enhancement of TiO2 photocurrent over 400-800 nm

<p> Recent years have witnessed an increasing interest in highly-efficient absorbers of visible light for the conversion of solar energy into electrochemical energy. This study presents a TiO2-Au bilayer that consists of a rough Au film under a TiO2 film, which aims to enhance the photocurrent of TiO2 over the whole visible region and may be the first attempt to use rough Au films to sensitize TiO2. Experiments show that the bilayer structure gives the optimal optical and photoelectrochemical performance when the TiO2 layer is 30 nm thick and the Au film is 100 nm, measuring the absorption 80-90% over 400-800 nm and the photocurrent intensity of 15 mu A.cm(-2), much better than those of the TiO2-AuNP hybrid (i.e., Au nanoparticle covered by the TiO2 film) and the bare TiO2 film. The superior properties of the TiO2-Au bilayer can be attributed to the rough Au film as the plasmonic visible-light sensitizer and the photoactive TiO2 film as the electron accepter. As the Au film is fully covered by the TiO2 film, the TiO2-Au bilayer avoids the photocorrosion and leakage of Au materials and is expected to be stable for long-term operation, making it an excellent photoelectrode for the conversion of solar energy into electrochemical energy in the applications of water splitting, photocatalysis and photosynthesis.</p