Microencapsulation of the natural urucum pigment with chitosan by spray drying in different solvents

The food industry expects increasingly complex properties from food ingredients and such complex properties can often only be provided by microencapsulation. A number of methods are reported for microencapsulation but the most popular technique employed in industry is spray drying. Urucum has many applications in the food industry. In this study, we report the process of urucum microencapsulation into chitosan by spray drying. Characterization by scanning electron microscope,infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and color were used to analyze solid materials obtained in different carboxylic acids

Preliminary assessment of the performance of oyster shells and chitin materials as adsorbents in the removal of saxitoxin in aqueous solutions

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>This study evaluated the adsorption capacity of the natural materials chitin and oyster shell powder (OSP) in the removal of saxitoxin (STX) from water. Simplified reactors of adsorption were prepared containing 200 mg of adsorbents and known concentrations of STX in solutions with pH 5.0 or 7.0, and these solutions were incubated at 25°C with an orbital shaker at 200 RPM. The adsorption isotherms were evaluated within 48 hours, with the results indicating a decrease in STX concentrations in different solutions (2–16 μg/L). The kinetics of adsorption was evaluated at different contact times (0–4320 min) with a decrease in STX concentrations (initial concentration of 10 μg/L). The sampling fractions were filtered through a membrane (0.20 μm) and analyzed with high performance liquid chromatography to quantify the STX concentration remaining in solution.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Chitin and OSP were found to be efficient adsorbents with a high capacity to remove STX from aqueous solutions within the concentration limits evaluated (> 50% over 18 h). The rate of STX removal for both adsorbents decreased with contact time, which was likely due to the saturation of the adsorbing sites and suggested that the adsorption occurred through ion exchange mechanisms. Our results also indicated that the adsorption equilibrium was influenced by pH and was not favored under acidic conditions.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The results of this study demonstrate the possibility of using these two materials in the treatment of drinking water contaminated with STX. The characteristics of chitin and OSP were consistent with the classical adsorption models of linear and Freundlich isotherms. Kinetic and thermodynamic evaluations revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous (ΔG_ads < 0) and favorable and followed pseudo-second-order kinetics.</p