RETINOPATHY, GLUCOSE, AND INSULIN IN AN ELDERLY POPULATION - THE ROTTERDAM STUDY

We studied the association between retinopathy and glucose metabolism in a population-based study of elderly men and women, Glucose metabolism was assessed by serum fructosamine and a nonfasting oral glucose tolerance test, and retinopathy was evaluated by fundus photography, Retinopathy was present in 296 of 6,191 subjects examined (4.8%; 120 men and 176 women), Serum glucose and fructosamine levels were higher in subjects with retinopathy compared with those without (8.4 vs, 6.8 mmol/l and 329.8 vs, 308.5 mu mol/l, respectively, P <0.001). Two-hour postload insulin levels and insulin resistance, assessed by the ratio of postload insulin over postload glucose level, did not differ between the two groups, These associations were similar in men and women and in subjects with and without diabetes and did not change after adjustment for body mass index or systolic blood pressure, Within the group of subjects who had retinopathy, serum glucose was significantly associated with the number of hemorrhages, These findings suggest that the presence and severity of retinopathy are associated with higher serum glucose levels, both in subjects with and without diabetes

Rationale and design of the AdRem study:Evaluating the effects of blood pressure lowering and intensive glucose control on vascular retinal disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

The ADVANCE Retinal Measurements (AdRem) Study is a large intervention study evaluating the effects of target driven intensive glucose control and placebo controlled blood pressure lowering on retinal vascular changes. AdRem is a sub-study of the ADVANCE Study (Action in Diabetes and Vascular disease), a 2 x 2 factorial randomized controlled trial with an ACE inhibitor-diuretic combination (perindopril-indapamide) and a gliclazide MR-based regimen in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The AdRem study is based on seven-field stereoscopic retinal photographs of both eyes. These are taken within 3 months after randomization in ADVANCE (baseline), at the biennial and at the final visit. The primary outcome is progression of two or more steps in ETDRS classification. Secondary outcomes include progression of retinal vascular lesions and distortion of retinal vascular geometry. Retinal photographs are made on film and digitized at a central laboratory. The AdRem study uses fully digitized quality control and grading. Between August 2002 and January 2004 1978 patients were included in the AdRem study, from 39 centers in 14 countries. Approximately 85% comply with the strict AdRem quality requirements. Publication of the results is expected in early 2008. The AdRem study is designed to provide reliable evidence on the effects of intensive glucose control and blood pressure lowering on both diabetic retinopathy and abnormalities of retinal vasculature in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved