Quick and (not so) Dirty: Unsupervised Selection of Justification Sentences for Multi-hop Question Answering

We propose an unsupervised strategy for the selection of justification sentences for multi-hop question answering (QA) that (a) maximizes the relevance of the selected sentences, (b) minimizes the overlap between the selected facts, and (c) maximizes the coverage of both question and answer. This unsupervised sentence selection method can be coupled with any supervised QA approach. We show that the sentences selected by our method improve the performance of a state-of-the-art supervised QA model on two multi-hop QA datasets: AI2's Reasoning Challenge (ARC) and Multi-Sentence Reading Comprehension (MultiRC). We obtain new state-of-the-art performance on both datasets among approaches that do not use external resources for training the QA system: 56.82% F1 on ARC (41.24% on Challenge and 64.49% on Easy) and 26.1% EM0 on MultiRC. Our justification sentences have higher quality than the justifications selected by a strong information retrieval baseline, e.g., by 5.4% F1 in MultiRC. We also show that our unsupervised selection of justification sentences is more stable across domains than a state-of-the-art supervised sentence selection method.Comment: Published at EMNLP-IJCNLP 2019 as long conference paper. Corrected the name reference for Speer et.al, 201

Unsupervised Alignment-based Iterative Evidence Retrieval for Multi-hop Question Answering

Evidence retrieval is a critical stage of question answering (QA), necessary not only to improve performance, but also to explain the decisions of the corresponding QA method. We introduce a simple, fast, and unsupervised iterative evidence retrieval method, which relies on three ideas: (a) an unsupervised alignment approach to soft-align questions and answers with justification sentences using only GloVe embeddings, (b) an iterative process that reformulates queries focusing on terms that are not covered by existing justifications, which (c) a stopping criterion that terminates retrieval when the terms in the given question and candidate answers are covered by the retrieved justifications. Despite its simplicity, our approach outperforms all the previous methods (including supervised methods) on the evidence selection task on two datasets: MultiRC and QASC. When these evidence sentences are fed into a RoBERTa answer classification component, we achieve state-of-the-art QA performance on these two datasets.Comment: Accepted at ACL 2020 as a long conference pape

Top-Down Holographic GG-Structure Glueball Spectroscopy at (N)LO in NN and Finite Gauge Coupling

The top-down type IIB holographic dual of large-$N$ thermal QCD as constructed in arXiv:0902.1540 involving a fluxed resolved warped deformed conifold, its delocalized type IIA SYZ mirror as well as its M-theory uplift constructed in arXiv:1306.4339 - both in the finite gauge coupling ($g_s\stackrel{<}{\sim}1$)/`MQGP' limit of arXiv:1306.4339 - were shown explicitly to possess a local $SU(3)/G_2$-structure in arXiv:1507.02692 Glueball spectroscopy at finite gauge coupling has thus far been missing in the literature. In this paper, we fill this gap by calculating the masses of the $0^{++}, 0^{-+},0^{--}, 1^{++}, 2^{++}$ (`glueball') states (which correspond to fluctuations in the dilaton or complexified two-forms or appropriate metric components) in the aforementioned backgrounds of $G$-structure in the `MQGP' limit of arXiv:1306.4339, using WKB quantization conditions on one hand and imposing Neumann/Dirichlet boundary conditions at an IR cut-off/horizon radius $r_h$ on the solutions to the equations of motion on the other. We also discuss $r_h=0$-limits of all calculations; in this context we also calculate the $0^{++}, 0^{--},1^{++}, 2^{++}$ glueball masses up to NLO in $N$ and find a $\frac{g_sM^2}{N}(g_sN_f)$-suppression similar to and further validating a similar semi-universality of NLO corrections to transport coefficients, observed in arXiv:1606.04949.Comment: v2:1+55 pages, LaTeX; references and clarifying remarks added, shortened by deleting old appendices, a sub-section and a table; to appear in Eur.Phys.J.

Delocalized SYZ Mirrors and Confronting Top-Down SU(3)SU(3)-Structure Holographic Meson Masses at Finite gg and NcN_c with P(article) D(ata) G(roup) Values

Meson spectroscopy at finite gauge coupling - whereat any perturbative QCD computation would break down - and finite number of colors, from a top-down holographic string model, has thus far been entirely missing in the literature. This paper fills in this gap. Using the delocalized type IIA SYZ mirror (with $SU(3)$ structure) of the holographic type IIB dual of large-$N$ thermal QCD of arXiv:hep-th/0902.1540 as constructed in arXiv:hep-th/1306.4339 at finite coupling and number of colors ($N_c$ = Number of $D5(\overline{D5}$)-branes wrapping a vanishing two-cycle in the top-down holographic construct of arXiv:hep-th/0902.1540 = ${\cal O}(1)$ in the IR in the MQGP limit of arXiv:hep-th/1306.4339 at the end of a Seiberg duality cascade), we obtain analytical (not just numerical) expressions for the vector and scalar meson spectra and compare our results with previous calculations of hep-th/0412141, arXiv:1409.0559 [hep-th], and obtain a closer match with the Particle Data Group (PDG) results (Chin. Phys. C, 38, 090001 (2014) and 2015 update). Through explicit computations, we verify that the vector and scalar meson spectra obtained by the gravity dual with a black hole for all temperatures (small and large) are nearly isospectral with the spectra obtained by a thermal gravity dual valid for only low temperatures; the isospectrality is much closer for vector mesons than scalar mesons. The black hole gravity dual (with a horizon radius smaller than the deconfinement scale) also provides the expected large-$N$ suppressed decrease in vector meson mass with an increase of temperature.Comment: 1+55 pages, LaTeX; title slightly modified and several clarifying remarks added; to appear in EPJC. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1703.0130

Sexual Violence Against Women in India

Relational cruelty whether it is sexual or non-erotic remains a notable issue in the expansionist pieces of the world. Sexual malfeasance towards women in India is increasing day by day. In addition to sexual gratification, sexual malfeasance against women is regularly a result of disproportionate power status that is real and seen among people and is also strongly influenced by social factors and qualities. Inside sociological and conscience-driven societies, depictions of work and sex, and frames of mind as opposed to sexual anxiety. The committees that are depicted as female activists provide two people with the ability to approach. Sexual trends are probably going to occur in all societies that promote the prevalence of ara male and the social and social mediation of women. Despite the fact that culture is an important factor for understanding sexual malfeasance as a whole, we must take a gender as to the social structures of the past, their qualities and shortcomings. This paper is an attempt to discuss various sexual offenses directed towards women in India

Distributed controller synthesis and decision making

Distributed controller design and distributed decision making have been hot topics of investigation in the last few years. New technologies have led to systems where it is critical to identify architectures that distribute the controller effort over sub-controllers to respect the information flow and/or resource constraints. The communication uncertainty between sub-controllers partly governs the optimality of the architecture of the controller. The related synthesis methodology for optimal distributed controller has to address internal stability concerns and has to incorporate the effect of communication uncertainty into the performance metric. In the first part of this thesis, a methodology is developed to address the concerns of sub-controller communication uncertainty. It is demonstrated that different canonical architectures of a centralized design result in appreciably different performance. Methods to identify architectures of information flow where the optimal performance problem is convex are developed. In addition, synthesis methods to incorporate robustness measures with respect to model uncertainty of the communication channel are obtained for the associated distributed architectures. These methods are further refined for specific structures of information flow in the system. In the second part of this thesis, issues in distributed decision making in a large network of nodes are discussed, in particular a distributed averaging consensus protocol is considered which converges asymptotically. However, each node individually never comes to know of the occurrence of convergence, and thus it keeps running required computation and communication throughout its life. This is not desired, as in most of the networks the power of each node is a very limited resource. This thesis provides a distributed algorithm through which each node can distributively detect when the convergence has occurred within a given error margin. This distributed detection takes finite time and happens simultaneously

Media and Social Responsibility

The relationship between media and man is very old, or rather the relationship between media and society is as old as the old society. Over time, new dimensions were added to the media. In the pre-independence era in India, media was used as a weapon of social change. Great writers such as Rajaram Mohan Roy, Jugalkishore Shukla, Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Raja Shiv Prasad Starshand, Nikhil Chakraborty, Munshi Premchand and Sharatchandra Chattopadhyay made the journals an important weapon of public awakening whose aim was to remove the discrepancies prevailing in the society. In its early days, journalism was born as a mission in our country. The purpose of which was to make social consciousness more aware. But after 1857, the media became an instrument to raise the voice of nationalist revolution rather than just being reformist.Similarly, after independence, public service broadcasters like All India Radio and Doordarshan had taken up the responsibility of providing information and entertainment and educational programs to the nation in mass communication. Gradually, the size and type of media increased and its importance increased to such an extent that it was considered as the fourth pillar of democracy. Later, while basic changes came in the social, political and economic structure of the country, there was also a big change in the tone and content of the media. It assumed the form of a disguised industry. Due to which all the goodness of industries along with its distortions also started appearing in the media.Media and society are interrelated and the role of media is considered very important in building a better society. On the one hand, in the changing circumstances, where there have been changes in the society, the change in the working style of the media is also natural. The cooperation of the media in maintaining social fabric cannot be denied. On many occasions it has reiterated its social commitment by discharging its responsibilities. But its business character has also raised its credibility. The industrial houses that run the media institutions of the country and the world also have their own ambitions. They will not or are not misusing the media to fulfill this ambition. It is not difficult to say

Status of BIMARU States in Socio-Economic Development of India

The objective of Socio–economic development in an economy is to increase the standard of living of the persons. Process of planning and different variables decided status of socio-economic development of any nation. In this study we will discuss only difference of socio-economic development status of BIMARU states in major Indian states in 2010-11. We will consider 17 Indian states and 39 variables for this study. This study divides the socio–economic indicators into six segments i.e., Economic Development, Industrial Development, Health Infrastructure Development, Physical Infrastructure Development, Demographic Development and Women Empowerment Development. These segments includes 39 variables of socio- economic development i.e., percentage of poverty, Gross State Domestic Product and Per capita Gross State Domestic Product in Economic Development; Number of Factories, Number of Employees, Invested Capital, Net Fixed Capital formation, Profit and Total Production in Industrial Development; Numbers on Per Lac of Population Doctors, Nurses, Hospitals, Dispensaries, Primary Health Center, Sub Primary Health Center, Beds and  Budgetary expenditure on Health in Health Infrastructure Development; Percentage of Electricity Connected Villages, Per Capita Consumption of Domestic Electricity, Road Length Per 100 Squares kilometers of Area, Railway Route Length Per 1000 Squares kilometers of Area, Number of Banking offices Per Lac of Population, Per Capita Bank Deposit, Per Capita Bank credit and Number of telephones per 100 Population in Physical Infrastructure Development; Decadal Growth Rate of Population, Literacy Rate, Sex Ratio, Birth Rate, Infant Mortality rate, Life Expectancy and Percentage of Working Population in Demographic Development and woman Literacy Rate, Percentage of Woman Working Population, Woman Life Expectancy, Fertility rate, Couple protection Rate and Child Sex Ratio in Woman Empowerment Development are considered and on the basis of these indicators, the gap of socio–economic development amongst the BIMARU states and major states of India is estimated. Keywords: Socio–Economic Development Index, Regional Disparity, BIMARU States, India