Nitrogen uptake and internal recycling in Zostera marina exposed to oyster farming: eelgrass potential as a natural biofilter

Oyster farming in estuaries and coastal lagoons frequently overlaps with the distribution of seagrass meadows, yet there are few studies on how this aquaculture practice affects seagrass physiology. We compared in situ nitrogen uptake and the productivity of Zostera marina shoots growing near off-bottom longlines and at a site not affected by oyster farming in San Quintin Bay, a coastal lagoon in Baja California, Mexico. We used benthic chambers to measure leaf NH4 (+) uptake capacities by pulse labeling with (NH4)-N-15 (+) and plant photosynthesis and respiration. The internal N-15 resorption/recycling was measured in shoots 2 weeks after incubations. The natural isotopic composition of eelgrass tissues and vegetative descriptors were also examined. Plants growing at the oyster farming site showed a higher leaf NH4 (+) uptake rate (33.1 mmol NH4 (+) m(-2) day(-1)) relative to those not exposed to oyster cultures (25.6 mmol NH4 (+) m(-2) day(-1)). We calculated that an eelgrass meadow of 15-16 ha (which represents only about 3-4 % of the subtidal eelgrass meadow cover in the western arm of the lagoon) can potentially incorporate the total amount of NH4 (+) excreted by oysters (similar to 5.2 x 10(6) mmol NH4 (+) day(-1)). This highlights the potential of eelgrass to act as a natural biofilter for the NH4 (+) produced by oyster farming. Shoots exposed to oysters were more efficient in re-utilizing the internal N-15 into the growth of new leaf tissues or to translocate it to belowground tissues. Photosynthetic rates were greater in shoots exposed to oysters, which is consistent with higher NH4 (+) uptake and less negative delta C-13 values. Vegetative production (shoot size, leaf growth) was also higher in these shoots. Aboveground/belowground biomass ratio was lower in eelgrass beds not directly influenced by oyster farms, likely related to the higher investment in belowground biomass to incorporate sedimentary nutrients

Contribution of sedimentary resuspension to non-conservative fluxes of dissolved inorganic phosphorus in San Quintin Bay, Baja California: An experimental estimate

 Abiotic processes like sedimentary resuspension may contribute to non-conservative fluxes of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) in shallow systems like San Quintín Bay (SQB), because suspended particles may adsorb or desorb inorganic phosphate. The contribution of suspended sediments to DIP concentrations in SQB was determined in the laboratory through adsorption-desorption experiments with two types of sediments (fine sand and sandy silt), and different concentrations of suspended particles, the initial concentration of DIP and resuspension time. The zero equilibrium phosphate concentration (EPC0) was observed during the first step of the adsorption process (fast step), which occurred before 10 h. The EPC0 was exceeded after 24 h of resuspension, indicating the diffusion of P from the surface toward the interior of particles (slow step). Adsorption was the dominant process in the experiments, and the intensity of adsorption-desorption was emphasized with an increase in the amount of resuspended particles. From the comparison of the non-conservative fluxes of DIP estimated using the LOICZ model with those estimated with resuspension experiments, we conclude that adsorption may lead to an underestimation of ~20% of net heterotrophy in SQB calculated with the LOICZ model, as excess respiration leads to a net release of DIP to the water column, but adsorption by particles masks this net release

Geochemistry of Fe, Ti and Al as an indicator of volcanoclastic sedimentation in San Quintín coastal lagoon, Baja California, Mexico

The geochemistry of Fe, Ti and Al and the grain-size distribution were studied in 32 surficial sediment samples from San Quintín coastal lagoon (SQCL) in Baja California, in order to identify the presence of volcanoclastic sediment derived from the weathering and erosion of basaltic rocks from the San Quintín volcanic field (SQVF). The composition of the SQVF rocks is characterized by high Fe and Ti concentrations in comparison with the continental crust and Peninsular Ranges batholith. Similarly, the sediments from SQCL have significantly higher Fe concentrations (mean 3.73%, standard deviation [S] ±0.99) than other coastal sediments from Baja California and other regions. The high Fe concentrations normalized relative to the percentage of the <63-µm sediment fraction (Fenorm), indicate that the enrichment of Fe in some samples may in part be due to the presence of heavy minerals and/or rock particles, which were derived from the weathering and erosion of SQVF. The high concentrations of Ti (mean, 0.54%, S ±0.19) in the sediment are atypical for coastal and marine sediments. This enrichment as well as the high Ti/Al ratios at some sites within SQCL, especially Falsa Bay (FB), support the hypothesis of a volcanogenic influence. The sediment samples that have the highest proportion of amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides (≥50% of bulk Fe) were found in FB. This fact and the high Fenorm and Ti concentrations, as well as high Ti/Al ratios, suggest an association (at least in part) between the amorphous Fe oxyhydroxides and the volcanoclastic particles in some samples from FB; however, the high variability in geochemical characteristics of the sediment suggests a complex combination of hydrodinamic, mineralogical and diagenetic properties in SQCL