Design of A Water Transmission and Storage System for Sustainable Reuse of Wastewater Within A University Community

This research is aimed at designing a wastewater transmission system from storage to treatment and, eventually to storage in an elevated steel tank. The work includes the design of a 750,000-litre capacity underground concrete reservoir and a 125,000-litre capacity elevated steel tank. For the transmission design, field activities involved the use of Magellan eXplorist 350H North America G.P.S. and Google Earth to determine coordinates of different points in a selected private university campus, southwest Nigeria as well as the lowest and the highest elevation points. The highest point in the university was located at the postgraduate hall of residence, and the lowest point was located at the schools constructed wetland within the campus. WaterCAD was used to design the flow path network, while the water storage design software used for this project are StaadPro.V8i, Orion 18, and AutoCAD 2013. StaadPro.V8i was employed for the analysis and design of the underground storage facility and the elevated steel tank, while the Orion software was utilized for concrete design and detailing of the underground storage facility. The results from all the design applications were exported to the AutoCAD environment for editing and proper scaling. This study has revealed that the construction of a 750 m³ underground storage tank would be highly efficient and economical when compared to a smaller tank. Also, both the hydrostatic forces acting internally within the underground tank and active and passive pressure acting externally toward the wall has shown to possess zero impact on the shear wal

Human immunodeficiency virus continuum of care in 11 european union countries at the end of 2016 overall and by key population: Have we made progress?

Background. High uptake of antiretroviral treatment (ART) is essential to reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission and related mortality; however, gaps in care exist. We aimed to construct the continuum of HIV care (CoC) in 2016 in 11 European Union (EU) countries, overall and by key population and sex. To estimate progress toward the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) 90-90-90 target, we compared 2016 to 2013 estimates for the same countries, representing 73% of the population in the region. Methods. A CoC with the following 4 stages was constructed: number of people living with HIV (PLHIV); proportion of PLHIV diagnosed; proportion of those diagnosed who ever initiated ART; and proportion of those ever treated who achieved viral suppression at their last visit. Results. We estimated that 87% of PLHIV were diagnosed; 92% of those diagnosed had ever initiated ART; and 91% of those ever on ART, or 73% of all PLHIV, were virally suppressed. Corresponding figures for men having sex with men were: 86%, 93%, 93%, 74%; for people who inject drugs: 94%, 88%, 85%, 70%; and for heterosexuals: 86%, 92%, 91%, 72%. The proportion suppressed of all PLHIV ranged from 59% to 86% across countries. Conclusions. The EU is close to the 90-90-90 target and achieved the UNAIDS target of 73% of all PLHIV virally suppressed, significant progress since 2013 when 60% of all PLHIV were virally suppressed. Strengthening of testing programs and treatment support, along with prevention interventions, are needed to achieve HIV epidemic control