Path to AWAKE : evolution of the concept

This paper describes the conceptual steps in reaching the design of the AWAKE experiment currently under construction at CERN. We start with an introduction to plasma wakefield acceleration and the motivation for using proton drivers. We then describe the self-modulation instability - a key to an early realization of the concept. This is then followed by the historical development of the experimental design, where the critical issues that arose and their solutions are described. We conclude with the design of the experiment as it is being realized at CERN and some words on the future outlook. A summary of the AWAKE design and construction status as presented in this conference is given in Gschwendtner et al. [1]

Genetic Structure of a Sakha Population from Siberia and Ethnic Affinities

The red cell enzymes ACPI, ESD, GLOl, PGM1, and RDS and the serum proteins GC, HP, PI, and TF were determined for samples of 150 and 144 Sakha, respectively. The Sakha, a Turkic-speaking population, inhabit the Sakha-Yakutia Republic in northeastern Siberia. High gene frequencies were found for ACP1*A, GLOl *7, and GC*1F, whereas no PI*S or PI*Z alleles were found. In addition, 1 heterozygous phenotype with ACP1*C and 2 heterozygous phenotypes with ESD*7 were found. The genetic distance measures show close affinities of the Sakha population to Buryats (especially Western Buryats), Mongols, and Evenks, whereas the genetic distance to Turkic-speaking Altay and Tuvan populations is great

Population Genetics and Structure of Buryats from the Lake Baikal Region of Siberia

Genetic polymorphisms of blood groups, serum proteins, red cell enzymes, PTC tasting, and cerumen types are reported for five Mongoloid populations of Buryats from the Lake Baikal region of Siberia (Russia). These groups are characterized by relatively high frequencies of alleles ABO*B, RH*D, cerumen D, GC*1F, ACP1*B, ESD*2, and PGD*C. Significant genetic heterogeneity between populations was demonstrated for the loci RH, MN, cerumen, PGD, ABO, GC, GLO, TF, and PGM1. Genetic distance analyses using five loci revealed a lower level of genetic microdifferentiation within the Buryat populations compared with other native Siberian groups. The distribution of gene markers in Buryats is similar to that found in neighboring Central Asian groups, such as the Yakuts and the Mongols. Intrapopulational analyses of the five Buryat subdivisions, based on R matrix and rii indicate that one of the subdivisions is reproductively more isolated than the others and that two of the communities have received considerable gene flow. A nonlinear relationship was demonstrated between geographic and genetic distances of Buryat population subdivisions

Climate-Dependent Genetic Variation of Alpha-2HS-Glycoprotein

Climate-DependenWe studied the possible effects of climatic factors on the world distribution of alleles determining a 2 HS-glycoprotein (AHSG) phenotypes in human populations. New data on AHSG polymorphism in certain ethnic groups of Russia are presented. All available data on the distribution of AHSG gene frequencies in the world (number of populations n = 51) were used to analyze possible correlations between AHSG*2 allele frequencies and seven climatic-geographic parameters. A strong positive correlation was found between AHSG*2 allele frequency and geographic latitude of territories inhabited by the study populations (r — 0.814). The dependence of the AHSG*2 allele distribution in the world on the intensity of ultraviolet radiation (400-315 nm) was estimated at r — — 0.826. Such climatic characteristics as the total amount of insolation and the average annual temperature proved to make equal contributions to variation in AHSG*2 allele frequency (r = —0.683 and — 0.658, respectively). A computer cartographic model of the AHSG*2 allele distribution in the Old World populations of the Northern Hemisphere was constructed.t Genetic Variation of Alpha-2HS-Glycoprotei