Cu(II) content in the structures of the peripheral nervous system at their damage

Employing electron paramagnetic resonance with diethyldithiocarbamate as a spin trap it was shown that after the transection of the rat sciatic nerve the Cu(II) content increased in the proximal stump and did not change in the distal stump. No changes of the Cu(II) content in dorsal root ganglia L4-L5 containing sensory neurons with their peripheral processes in the damaged nerve were registered. © Springer-Verlag 2006

Neuroprotective action of new pyrimidine derivatives on rat spinal cord injury

Effects of the systemic administration of xymedon and its derivatives-L-ascorbate and para-aminobenzoate 1,2-dihydro-4,6-dimethyl-l-(2-hydroxyethyl) pyrimid-2-one (compounds 29D and 34D, respectively) - have been studied on a contusion model (Th8 level) of spinal cord injury in rats. Experiments showed the impact of treatment on recovery of motor function, spinal cord tissue safety, population and phenotypic characteristics of astrocytes in the zones of gray and white matter. Xymedon produced a stimulating effect on recovery of the locomotor function. In this respect, compounds 29D and 34D were more effective than xymedon, although no significant differences between the action of compounds 29D and 34D was observed. Each of the three investigated pyrimidine derivatives significantly reduced the total area of pathologic cavities in spinal cord. In this respect, compounds 29D and 34D were also more effective than xymedon. Compound 29D exhibited a more pronounced effect in the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ), while compound 34D more significantly supported preservation of tissue in the ventral horns (VHs). Within 60 days after administration of compounds of 29D and 34D, the number of GFAP+ astrocytes in gray matter zones decreased as compared to the group treated with xymedon, and the expression of this marker protein of intermediate filaments decreased. In the white matter, the number of GFAP+ cells increased under the influence of compound 29D and decreased under the action of compound 34D. Differences between the effects of compounds 29D and 34D (on the background of their equal influence on recovery of the locomotor function) may be indicative of different cellular and molecular mechanisms of action, in agreement with data on their action on tissue safety

Post-traumatic reactions of a rat spinal cord after transplantation of human olfactory mucosa cells

In the model of adult rat spinal cord contusion on the Th9 level effect of the immediate transplantation of the human olfactory mucosa cell into the damaged area were studied. No immunosuppression was used. It was shown that transplanted cells were survived as long as 7 days after transplantation and located in rostral and caudal directions in white matter on the 2 mm distance from points of injections. It was shown also that transplanted cells migrated into peripheral zone of the damaged area. The size of damaged area in white and especially in gray matters were decreased after 30 and 60 days after transplantation. The same time after 30 days after transplantation the size of pathological cavities mostly in anterior column were obviously diminished and that number of undamaged myelinated nerve fibers were increased in number around the area of transplantation

Survival and differentiation of endogenous Schwann cells migrating into spinal cord under the influence of neurotrophic factors

Schwann cells are a major figure in the process of regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. They migrate into the injury region of spinal cord, which are involved in remyelination and are regarded as the source of numerous molecular signals that could potentially support the growth of axons in the central nervous system. In the present work we describe the behavior of migrating into the injury dosed region spinal cord Schwann cells under the influence of neurotrophic factors - vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor 2(FGF2), delivered by direct introduction of «naked» plasmid DNA and by transplantation of genetically modified human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells. Using immunohistochemical detection of markers of S100, GFAP, Krox20 and HSP25 identified different phenotypes of migrating into the spinal cord of endogenous Schwann cells. Found that greatest influence on their numbers in the injury region provides local delivery of genes vegf and fgf2 by human umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells. However, the direct introduction of the same plasmid may also be promising in the case of synthetic platforms that enhance its transfection activity

Atherosclerotic plaque and hydroxyapatite nanostructures studied by high-frequency EPR

A series of nanosized (20 nm and larger) samples of hydroxyapatite powders synthesized by wet preparation method and doped with Mn2+ and Pb2+ ions were studied by 94 GHz pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). The results are compared with those obtained in the samples of aorta walls from male patients with atherosclerosis as well as in bulk hydroxyapatite materials. It is shown that in contrast to bulk materials Pb ions at least partially replace the Ca(1) site in the hydroxyapatite structure. The spectral characteristics of the Mn2+ ions revealed in atherosclerotic plaque and synthetic hydroxyapatite are found to be practically identical. The hypothesis about the important role of (nano)hydroxyapatite in formation and rupture of atherosclerotic plaques is supported. © Kazan Federal University (KFU)

Stationary and high-frequency pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance of a calcified atherosclerotic plaque

New possibilities of applying high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance in medicine are demonstrated on an example of the investigation of a calcified atherosclerotic plaque. After the irradiation of the atherosclerotic plaque by x rays, a new type of paramagnetic centers-organomineral radicals-is detected. The spectral and relaxation characteristics of these radicals depend on the calcification degree of the atherosclerotic plaque and can be used for diagnostics. © 2008 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Upregulation of proteoglycans in the perilesion perimeter in ventral horns after spinal cord injury

© 2019 Elsevier B.V. Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in pronounced focal tissue damage with subsequent formation of a glial scar that blocks axon regeneration and regrowth. Cellular changes and the composition of the extracellular matrix in regions distal from the injured area remain poorly characterized. In the present study, in the spinal cord distal to the damaged area (perilesion perimeter) there were minimal gross histological changes, but there were pronounced alterations in the extracellular proteoglycans even at 30 days after SCI. These abnormalities coincided with the appearance of reactive astrocytes and a reduction in main astrocytic glutamate transporter 1. Proteoglycan levels exhibited different kinetics and changes after SCI in areas near neuronal cell bodies and in areas distal from them. The results of the study suggest that SCI induces widespread changes in the spinal cord that may be responsible for neuronal dysfunction far from the damaged area and further aggravation of the SCI

Neuroprotective action of new pyrimidine derivatives on rat spinal cord injury

Effects of the systemic administration of xymedon and its derivatives-L-ascorbate and para-aminobenzoate 1,2-dihydro-4,6-dimethyl-l-(2-hydroxyethyl) pyrimid-2-one (compounds 29D and 34D, respectively) - have been studied on a contusion model (Th8 level) of spinal cord injury in rats. Experiments showed the impact of treatment on recovery of motor function, spinal cord tissue safety, population and phenotypic characteristics of astrocytes in the zones of gray and white matter. Xymedon produced a stimulating effect on recovery of the locomotor function. In this respect, compounds 29D and 34D were more effective than xymedon, although no significant differences between the action of compounds 29D and 34D was observed. Each of the three investigated pyrimidine derivatives significantly reduced the total area of pathologic cavities in spinal cord. In this respect, compounds 29D and 34D were also more effective than xymedon. Compound 29D exhibited a more pronounced effect in the dorsal root entry zone (DREZ), while compound 34D more significantly supported preservation of tissue in the ventral horns (VHs). Within 60 days after administration of compounds of 29D and 34D, the number of GFAP+ astrocytes in gray matter zones decreased as compared to the group treated with xymedon, and the expression of this marker protein of intermediate filaments decreased. In the white matter, the number of GFAP+ cells increased under the influence of compound 29D and decreased under the action of compound 34D. Differences between the effects of compounds 29D and 34D (on the background of their equal influence on recovery of the locomotor function) may be indicative of different cellular and molecular mechanisms of action, in agreement with data on their action on tissue safety

Pyrimidine Derivative Ameliorates Spinal Cord Injury via Anti-apoptotic, Anti-inflammatory, and Antioxidant Effects and by Regulating Rho GTPases

© 2018, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature. One of the most important strategies for the treatment of spinal cord injury is searching for new and effective pharmacological neuroprotectors and regeneration stimulators. The derivatives of pyrimidine are universal stimulators of the regeneration of various tissues as they support the recovery of nervous structures. The protective effect of the cocrystal of 1,2-dihydro-4,6-dimethyl-1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-pyrimidinone-2 with para-aminobenzoic acid (compound conjugate III, CCIII) was explored on a rat model with a contusion spinal cord injury. Injection of CCIII significantly reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), inhibited the synthesis of myeloperoxidase (MPO), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MPP9), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2), and macrophage marker CD68, and increased the level of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). Additionally, the expression of caspase-7 markers in the damaged tissue decreased under the action of CCIII. Treatment with the CCIII maintained a population of Olig2-positive myelin-forming cells at 30 days post-injury. The detected therapeutic effect is comparable with that of riluzole