Nanomaterials for the cleaning and pH adjustment of vegetable tanned leather

Leather artifacts in historical collections and archives are often contaminated by physical changes such as soiling, which alter their appearance and readability, and by chemical changes which occur on ageing and give rise to excessive proportion of acids that promote hydrolysis of collagen, eventually leading to gelatinization and loss of mechanical properties. However, both cleaning and pH adjustment of vegetable tanned leather pose a great challenge for conservators, owing to the sensitivity of these materials to the action of solvents, especially water-based formulations and alkaline chemicals. In this study the cleaning of historical leather samples was optimized by confining an oil-in-water (o/w) nanostructured fluid in a highly retentive chemical hydrogel, which allows the controlled release of the cleaning fluid on sensitive surfaces. The chemical gel exhibits optimal viscoelasticity, which facilitates its removal after the application without leaving residues on the object. Nanoparticles of calcium hydroxide and lactate, dispersed in 2-propanol, were used to adjust the pH up to the natural value of leather, preventing too high alkalinity which causes swelling of fibers and denaturation of the collagen. The treated samples were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE SEM), controlled environment dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA-RH), and infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The analytical assessment validated the use of tools derived from colloid and materials science for the preservation of collagen-based artifacts

Engelen, Infrared and Raman spectra of magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate (struvite) and its isomorphous analogues. I. Spectra of protiated and partially deuterated magnesium potassium phosphate hexahydrate

Abstract The Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectra of magnesium potassium phosphate hexahydrate and a series of its deuterated analogues were recorded and analyzed. By comparing the spectra recorded at room temperature with those obtained at the boiling temperature of liquid nitrogen and by studying the spectra of the series of partially deuterated MgKPO 4 ·H 2 O an assignment was proposed for the observed bands. The unusual behavior for bands originating from the n 4 modes of PO 4 32 ions in the Raman spectra of partially deuterated analogues of MgKPO 4 ·6H 2 O was explained by coupling and mixing of the n 4 ðPO 4 Þ mode and D 2 O librations.