HEALTH-RESORT SEASIDE CLIMATOTHERAPY RECONVALESCENT EPIDEMIC HEPATITIS PATIENTS

No abstract

A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF CONVALESCENT EPIDEMIC HEPATITIS PATIENTS, TREATED WITH SEA-SHORE HEALTH-RESORT FACTORS

No abstrac

Bio-char Refineries: An Accessible Approach For The Development Of Biomass-based Industry

Being a by-product of the well-established charcoal industry, slow pyrolysis bio-oil can be an excellent, cost-effective and renewable liquid fuel. However, even in Brazil, a country with a very clean energy profile and large-scale charcoal production, bio-oil is not properly utilised yet. A simple upgrade of traditional methods of charcoal production can significantly increase liquid fuel output. The concept of a bio-char-refinery, introduced in this paper, for production of charcoal, activated carbon, liquid fuel and variety of chemicals presents a possible approach for the development of biomass-based industry. Successful implementation of this concept could provide significant amounts of fuel and chemicals able to enhance economic development and reduce the consumption of petroleum derived products. Copyright © 2007 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.272217230Boucher, M., Chaala, A., Pakadel, H., Roy, C., Bio-oils obtained by vacuum pyrolysis of softwood bark as a liquid fuel for gas turbines. Part II: Stability and ageing of bio-oil and its blends with methanol and a pyrolytic aqueous phase (2000) Biomass and Bioenergy, 19, pp. 351-361BP, (2003) Statistical Review of World Energy, , 52nd ed, also earlier editions, BP, LondonBridgwater, A.V., Carson, P., Coulson, M., A comparison of fast and slow pyrolysis liquids from mallee (2005) Int. Journal of Global Energy Issues, 27 (2), pp. 204-216Bridgwater, A.V., Transport fuels from biomass by gasification or pyrolysis by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (2003) Proceedings of the 2nd Int. Workshop on Pyrolysis, p. 7. , Notre Dame University, Western Australia, CD-ROM, p(2005) Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass, 3. , Bridgwater, A.V, Ed, CPL Press, UKBridgwater, A.V., Peacocke, G.V.C., Fast pyrolysis processes for biomass (1999) Sustainable and Renewable Energy Reviews, 4 (1), pp. 1-73Bridgwater, A.V., Czernik, S., Piskorz, J., An overview of fast pyrolysis technology (2001) Progress in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, pp. 977-997. , Bridgwater, A.V, Ed, Blackwell, Oxford, UK, ppCasanova, J., Comparative study of various physical and chemical aspects of pyrolysis bio-oils versus conventional fuels regarding their use in engines (1994) Proceedings of the Specialist Workshop on Biomass Pyrolysis Properties and Combustion, Estes Park, CO, (NREL CP-430-7215), pp. 343-354Coelho, S.T., Rocha, J.D., Biomass for energy in Brazil (2002) Sustainable Development International, pp. 85-88. , 6a ed, ICG Publishing Ltd, London, ppCzernik, S., Bridgwater, A.V., Applications of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis of biomass (2003) Proceedings of the 2nd Int. Workshop on Pyrolysis, p. 14. , Notre Dame University, Western Australia, CD-ROM, pDiebold, J., A Review of the Chemical and Physical Mechanisms of the Storage Stability of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oils (2000) NREL Report, , SR-570-27613Diebold, J.P., Bridgwater, A.V., Overview of fast pyrolysis of biomass for the production of liquid fuels (1997) Developments in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, pp. 5-26. , Bridgwater, A.V. and Boocock, D.G.B, Eds, Blackie Academic & Professional, London, ppFelfli, F.E.F., Development of a continuous system to produce terrified briquettes (2004) Technical Report FAPESP, , 03/13313-5, Campinas, Brazil, in PortugueseGronli, M., Industrial carbonisation processes (2005) Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass, 3, pp. 161-172. , Bridgwater, A.V, Ed, CPL Press, UK, ppGust, S., Combustion experiences of flash pyrolysis fuel in intermediate size boiler (1997) Developments in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, pp. 481-488. , Bridgwater, A.V. and Boocock, D, Eds, Blackie Academic & Professional, London, ppHristov, J., Stamatov, V., Honnery, D.R., Soria, J., Transient heating of a bio-oil droplet within the pre-explosion stage (2005) Proceedings of the 8th Australasian Heat and Mass Transfer Conference, , CD-ROM, Paper, D06, Curtin University of Technology Perth, WA, AustraliaHristov, J., Stamatov, V.A., Honnery, D.R., Soria, J., Radiant heating of a bio-oil droplet: A quest for a suitable model and scaling of pre-explosion conditions (2004) Proceedings of the 15th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, , CD-ROM, Paper #186, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, AustraliaAnalysis of pyrolysis oils (2005), HRL Ltd, Technical Report No. BAB36-CMM/05/532, Melbourne, AustraliaJuste, G., Monfort, J., Preliminary test on combustion of wood derived fast pyrolysis oils in a gas turbine combustor (2000) Biomass and Bioenergy, 19, pp. 119-128Maggi, R., Elliott, D., Upgrading overview (1997) Developments in Thermochemical Biomass Conversion, pp. 575-588. , Bridgwater, A.V. and Boocock, D, Eds, Blackie Academic & Professional, London, pp(2004) The Biomass Economy, Research Review, , www.nrel.gov, National Renewable Energy Laboratory , NREL/BR-510-36369, Available atOasmaa, A., Czemic, S., Fuel oil quality of biomass pyrolysis oils - state of the art for the end users (1999) Energy and Fuels, 13 (4), pp. 914-921Osmaa, A. and Peacocke, C. (2001) A Guide to Physical Properties Characterisation of Biomass-derived Fast Pyrolysis Liquids, Espoo 2001, Technical Research Centre of Finland, VTT Publications 450, p.65 + app. p.34Radlein, D., The production of chemicals from fast pyrolysis bio-oils (1999) Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass: A Handbook, pp. 164-188. , Bridgwater et al, Eds, CPL Press, Newbury, UK, ppResende, M.E.A., Technological development in the charcoal production (1987) Proceedings of the 5th Brazilian Energy Congress, 1-3, pp. 49-71. , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Vols, in PortugueseRocha, J.D., Olivares-Gómez, E., Mesa-Pérez, J.M., Brossard-González, L.E., Seye, O., Cortez, L.A.B., Biomass pyrolysis in Brazil - a source of biofuels (2002) Proceedings of the 10th Biennial Bioenergy Conference - BIOENERGY'2002, p. 10. , USA, CD-ROM, pRocha, J.D., Olivares-Gómez, E., Mesa-Pérez, J.M., Cortez, L.A.B., Seye, O., Brossard-González, L.E., The demonstration fast pyrolysis plant to biomass conversion in Brazil (2002) Proceedings of the 7th World Renewable Energy Congress, p. 5. , Germany, CD-ROM, p(2000) Industrial Uses of Biomass Energy, The Example of Brazil, p. 273. , Rosillo-Calle, F, Bajay, S.V. and Rothman, H, Eds, Taylor & Francis, London, pShaddix, C.R., Hardesty, D.R., (1999) Combustion Properties of Biomass Flash Pyrolysis Oils: Final Project Report, , SAND99-8238Shihadeh, A., Hochgreb, S., Diesel engine combustion of biomass pyrolysis oils (2000) Energy and Fuels, 14 (2), pp. 260-274Shihadeh, A., Hochgreb, S., Impact of biomass pyrolysis oil process conditions on ignition delay in compression ignition engines (2002) Energy and Fuels, 16 (3), pp. 552-561Shihadeh, A.L., (1998) Rural Electrification from Local Resources: Biomass Pyrolysis Oil Combustion in a Direct Injection Diesel Engine, , PhD Thesis, MITStamatov, V.A., Honnery, D.R., Fung, P., Soria, J., Atomisation and combustion of blends of Australian bio-oil with ethanol (2004) Proceedings of the 2nd World Conference on Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection, p. 141. , CD-ROM, Paper V2A, Rome, ItalyStamatov, V.A., Honnery, D.R., Fung, P., Soria, J., Origin of NOx emission from bio-oil flames (2004) Proceedings of the Science in Thermal and Chemical Biomass Conversion Conference, , CD-ROM, Paper #153, Victoria, BC, CanadaStamatov, V.A., Honnery, D.R., Renzetti, F., Soria, J., Radiant heat flux and exhaust gases composition of slow-pyrolysis bio-oil spray flames at atmospheric pressure (2005) Proceedings of the 11th International Technical and Scientific Conference on Transport, Ecology and Stable Development, EKO'2005, , Varna, BulgariaWang, C., Law, C., Microexplosion of fuel droplets under high pressure (1985) Combustion and Flame, 59 (1), pp. 53-62Williams, P.T., Besler, S., The influence of temperature and heating rate on the slow pyrolysis of biomass (1996) Renewable Energy, 7 (3), pp. 233-25

Long-term impact of water desalination plants on the energy and carbon dioxide balance of Victoria, Australia : a case study from Wonthaggi

In 2007, the state government of Victoria, Australia, announced plans to build a large desalination plant with a capacity of 150 million m³ per year of desalinated water. Currently, the only feasible source for significant expansion of the greenhouse-gas neutral (GGN) energy generation in the state is wind power. A criterion for GGN of a desalination plant has been formulated. In a case of no greenhouse gas contribution from the desalination plant, the criterion is satisfied if the annual growth of the electrical energy generated by GGN sources is around 6–9% for the period 2010–2070. Higher annual growth of 18% for the period 2008–2015, 8% annually for the period 2015–2035 and 6% annual growth thereafter are required if the desalination plant is contributing to the greenhouse-gas balance of the state

Explosions of methane/air mixtures induced by radiation-heated large inert particles

This work presents the results of an experimental and modelling investigation of the ignition of quiescent methane/air mixtures caused by radiation-heated large inert particles. The experimental data indicate that the explosion-delay time is inversely proportional to the radiative power flux. The delay time exhibits a minimum at a methane/air ratio near to stoichiometric. The mathematical model incorporates the basic principles of the thermal initiation mode of detonation phenomena. The experimental values of the explosion-delay time correlate with the predictions, hence lending weight to the proposed model.V.A. Stamatov, K.D. King and D.K. Zhan

A Mie scattering investigation of the effect of strain rate on soot formation in precessing jet flames

This is an experimental study of soot formation in precessing jet flames. The Mie diagnostic technique was implemented to provide qualitative visualisation of the zones of soot formation. A range of conditionally sampled experiments was carried out. The characteristic Reynolds number based on the nozzle diameter, was varied from 4329 to 11223 and the Strouhal number based on the nozzle diameter, was varied from 0.0042 to 0.0245. The nozzle diameter was fixed at 5 mm and the jet exit angle at 45 deg. Experimental data were collected and used to show the tendencies in the formation of soot at different experimental conditions. It was found that the relative soot intensity increases with increase in both Re and St numbers.The instantaneous images reveal that soot is predominantly formed in sheets of varying thickness. Very little soot is observed in the near nozzle region, which is consistent with the idea that the formation of soot in appreciable quantities is kinetically limited. Readily observable are very broad regions of low signal spanning much of the flame. These broad regions are more prevalent in the high St number flames where strain rates are lower and residence times are longer. The experimental results support the hypothesis that low strain in a diffusion flame promotes soot formation and high emissivity (i.e., soot formation correlates inversely with flame strain)